History of CNC Machining and Machining Approaches

Before going further, a little background is necessary. CNC was born circa 1970 when machines that RAM became commercially available; G-code, however, is much older. Later, around 1975, CAD and CAM began, driven by the affordability of PCs and the fact that programming had become a little bit simpler. However, it wasn’t until 1980 that fully-functioning graphic software and multitasking CNC machines were introduced and widely used. And by 2000, automated CAM software could now convert solid drawings into programs that CNC machines could execute to create physical representations of the drawings. 

This brief chronological history introduces the fact that CNC machines use programs to machine parts. At the formative stages, before computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) applications could convert 2D drawings or 3D models to programs, programming was handled manually by operators. These individuals manually wrote machine code and fed it into the machine. As part of their code-writing responsibilities, they planned and documented the sequential processing steps the machine should follow. These sequences included:

• Tool movement, e.g., position, direction, and speed
• Spindle rotation speed and direction
• Tool selection, tool offsets, tool compensation, and tool change
• Application of cooling fluid
• Cutting speed

As computers’ processing capabilities improved, computer-assisted programming emerged. This approach was more simplistic and saved a lot of time. Operators no longer had to write machine code – G-Code and M-code. Rather, they simply wrote statements that followed an English-like syntax. Then, the computer compiled these statements, converting them to machine code. This approach was advantageous because it reduced the burden of knowing how to code extensively. However, it was disadvantageous because it used English-like commands to define geometry rather than graphical elements, which were more convenient. As technology advanced, in came CAD and CAM software, substantially improving the experience.

How CAD and CAM are Applied in CNC Machining

The CAD/CAM approach is currently the most popular method of creating code for CNC machines compared to other approaches. The process begins with creating a 2D drawing or 3D model of a part using CAD software like AutoCAD, SketchUp, and more. The procedure then follows these steps:

1. Next, the model is imported into CAM software, a program that automates the manufacturing process.
   However, software applications such as SolidWorks and Fusion 360 combine CAD and CAM capabilities; they are known as CAD/CAM software. With these programs, all you have to do to use the built-in CAM capabilities is enter the manufacturing mode. Fusion 360, for instance, requires you to change the workspace from ‘Design’ to ‘Manufacturing.’ On the other hand, in SolidWorks, you have to open the SolidWorks CAM add-in. 
2. Next, select the CNC machine, cutter, and coordinate system. 
3. Create a manufacturing sequence, also known in SolidWorks as an operation plan.
4. Next, prompt the software to generate a toolpath.
5. Run a simulation to verify that the operation plan and toolpath selected by the software align with your machine shop practices.
6. Generate the G-code file, also known as post-processing, and save it. Importantly, post processing builds all the information above into the program. And given that the post processor must be able to translate the code to the specific machine’s convention, selecting one that corresponds with your CNC machine is crucial. Such machine-specific processors utilize a library that contains machine-specific controls. This is partly why most CNC machines come with their own CAM systems. However, these manufacturers also accommodate conventional, popular CAM software.
7. Lastly, import the file into the CNC machine for machining

It is worth pointing out that modern CAM software can automatically detect design changes and update the NC program. These are just some of the advantages of CAD/CAD programs. Overall, by combining this software with CNC machines and computer-driven feed drives, there is practically no 3D shape you cannot create.

CAD Design Considerations for CNC Machining

Every time you wish to create a design for CNC machining, you must first use CAD software. This makes design the first foundational stage. Machining operations are generally more expensive than other manufacturing processes, requiring skilled labor, substantial capital investments, significant amounts of energy, and relatively slow production. Therefore, it’s important to consider several factors when designing for CNC machining to save time and costs. These considerations help create a design that is suited for a particular machining process. In addition, they contribute to cost and time saving – more on this below, where we discuss the importance of the collaboration between designers and machinists. 

The CAD design considerations are generally regarded as design for machining rules; they include:

1. Optimize Tolerances

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) provides machinists with greater control and flexibility downstream. Machining a feature, such as a drilling hole, requires the hole to be the right size and position. (A feature is any aspect of a part that is dimensioned and toleranced.) Depending on the utility, it must also have the right shape. Usually, these properties are defined by the nominal dimension and annotations, which provide additional information. 

Realistically speaking, though, it is impossible to achieve exactness or perfection. Even if it were possible to achieve exactness, it would require additional grinding or honing operations for specific surface finishes and reaming processes for specific diameter sizes, which would slow down the machining process and increase manufacturing costs. These additional operations slow down the machining process and increase the cost of manufacturing. 

For this reason, tolerances, which define the amount of allowable variation from the nominal dimensions, are used. Tolerances should be optimized based on the following factors:

• Tool change schedule
• Compensation capabilities of the tools
• Part geometry
• Supports built into the fixture
• Tool guiding jigs

To understand the significance of these factors, designers should collaborate with machinists.

2. Type of Material

The type of material greatly impacts the quality of the machining operation as well as the cost. This is because it determines the tool materials, motor power, cutting speeds, tolerances, and surface finishes. To select the material, you must consider the chemical and physical properties as well as functional requirements outside of machining.

3. Minimize the Number of Machined Features

The general rule of thumb is that features should be machined only when they require tolerances (dimensional or surface finish tolerances) that other manufacturing processes cannot achieve. Machining is usually used for features that require:

• Dynamic balance
• Press fitting
• Locating
• Locking
• Bearing
• When subsequent assembly considerations call for a close dimensional tolerance

If possible, minimize the number of machined features through alternative methods such as undercutting, chamfering, and casting in holes, especially if the specified tolerances allow for it.

4. Minimize Machined Stock Allowance

Always minimize the material that needs to be machined away to produce the final part. This amount is known as stock allowance) Failure to do this increases costs such as the cost of replacing worn-out tools (tool wear per part increases with the increase in stock allowance), material costs, and equipment costs. It also increases the time taken to produce a part. 

Minimizing the stock allowance is achieved by optimizing the dimension based on the size of the material loaded into the CNC machine. The whole unmachined material is technically known as the stock, billet, or blank. 

5. Standardize Features

Make sure you standardize features as much as possible. You can achieve this by selecting hole diameters from a limited range of sizes. You should also limit the number of different diameters in a single part.

6. Surface Finish

The desired surface finish determines the machining operation used. However, certain operations such as diamond turning, precision grinding, lapping, and honing can achieve small surface finish tolerances (<0.4 micrometers) but increase machining costs.

7. Provide Adequate Strength and Stiffness

CNC machines are driven by powerful motors that, in turn, generate massive cutting forces. These forces can break, bend, or deflect the part. They can also cause unstable vibrations. This is particularly the case if the strength and stiffness are inadequate. Therefore, designers should ensure that the part has adequate stiffness and strength, particularly in the loading directions.

8. Provide Adequate Accessibility

Feature locations should be accessible with standard machining tools. Avoid locating features on remote faces or inside cavities. If the features are located in hard-to-reach areas, specialized tooling is necessary. However, such tools may create unstable vibrations or deflections. Furthermore, using these tools and attachments increases the machining costs and limits the allowable tolerances.

Preparing CAD Files for CNC Machining

Once the designer or engineer finalizes the product design process, which generally includes conceptualization, synthesis, analysis, evaluation, and documentation, the CAD file is sent to the machinist for CNC machining. As a machinist, you do not have to understand how the product or part works – that is reserved for the engineer or designer. However, there are a few things you need to know and do, including.

1. Remove Unwanted Layers

Dimensions and notes are ideally designed to help machinists visualize and understand the part. To put it simply, they provide additional information. Thus, they do not in any way contribute directly to the creation of the part. This means you should remove these informational elements as you prepare the CAD file for CNC machining.

2. Choose the CNC Machine

Most CAD/CAM programs will let you add a CNC machine to the database. And to further promote the accuracy of the program, this software also has dialog boxes where you can customize the settings to match your machine’s capabilities and features. For example, you can select a matching post processor and tool crib within this dialog box. Additionally, you can input values such as horsepower, maximum feed rate, and more.

SolidWorks CAM Machine Database Dialog Box (source)

When preparing your CAD files for CNC, you must specify the exact machine you will use. This choice is crucial, as the designer envisioned a specific machining process when creating the design.

3. Assign Machining Data

Machining data includes the type of cutters, cutter size(s) – diameter and length – and the number of roughing and finishing passes. Assigning the data hardcodes it into the G-code, which guides the machine as it executes its machining operations. It is, however, worth mentioning that some machines come with a built-in database of tools. This means that you do not need to assign tool data contained. Even so, keep in mind that you must load these cutters before the machining process can commence. 

4. Undertake Element Sequencing 

You should undertake element sequencing when working with 2D wireframe line drawings and 3D wireframe geometries. Naturally, the CAM software does not know that the lines or arcs define the geometry or surface of a material. Instead, it views these geometric components as mare lines or arcs. In this regard, you must sequence these elements, i.e., point out using a mouse the individual elements of the drawing in the order in which they are to be machined. In addition, you must indicate the side of the line the machine should place the cutter.

However, if you are dealing with solid models, the software will automatically sequence the elements. SolidWorks CAM add-in, for example, achieves this by generating an operation plan. Here, an operation plan refers to the physical steps needed to create a suitable toolpath using which the CNC machine will turn the digital part and its features into a physical part.

5. Run Simulation

A simulation allows you to assess whether the operation plan generated matches your shop’s capabilities. If not, the CAM software has provisions that let you tweak the operation to match shop practices. The simulation enables you to check for errors. Furthermore, it helps you avoid wastage and the associated costs.

6. Post Processing

Post processing refers to the conversion of toolpath data (TPD), which describes the operations a CNC machine should follow, to numerical control (NC) code. It is worth pointing out that TPD is machine independent, while the code must conform to a particular machine’s conventions. For this reason, choosing a post processor designed for your specific machine and its unique needs is particularly vital.

Best Practices for CNC Machining Preparation

1. Study the Technical Drawing Carefully

By studying the engineering/technical drawing, you can identify issues and inconsistencies in dimensioning and tolerancing. Then, using this revelation, you can send the files back to the designer for clarification or revisions. 

Additionally, studying the drawing enables you to visualize the model. This way, you can better understand what the designer had in mind when coming up with the design. Sometimes, you can simplify the visualization process by relying on images of the CAD-drawn model of the part. CAD/CAM software makes visualization quite a breeze. 

In addition, studying the technical drawing enables you to locate the datum. A datum is a theoretically perfect axis or surface that is used as a reference. Datum ensures the exactness of measurements and machine operations. And given that there can be multiple datums in a drawing or CAD file, it is important to identify the primary datum, which is often used to start a machining job.

What’s more, studying the drawing allows you to check the number of parts, which can determine elements such as tooling. It also enables you to establish the material type, raw stock size, and how to avoid excessive stock allowances.

2. Understand Design Priorities and Functional Priorities

Design priorities tell you where to begin machining. On the other hand, functional priorities detail the order of importance of a part’s features. Together, they provide insights into how to position or hold the part for machining, the cuts to take first, and how to measure the results. 

3. Ensure the NC Code Comprehensively Captures all Operations

Typically, NC code is made up of commands that tell the machine what to do. These commands comprised words using six prefixes – G, M, F, T, S, and N – each representing a particular operation. G, for instance, represents motion words, F represents the feed rate, and M represents words that cause utility functions such as tool change and spindle on or off. Using some or all of these prefixes, you can ensure that your NC code captures all the operations. 

Fortunately, CAM software simplifies the code-writing process by generating the NC code. But these applications are not always perfect. For this reason, you should also be able to read the generated code to understand beforehand what the machine will do and make changes if need be. This brings us to the next crucial practice: optimizing the code. 

4. Optimize the Program

Inefficient programs are a leading contributor to manufacturing downtimes. Such programs may include unnecessary movements, e.g., traveling of the cutter without making contact with the workpiece, excessive tool changes, or moving parts between setups too many times. Of course, this increases the cost. This makes it extremely crucial to optimize the program for efficiency and safety. Some CAM software, such as MasterCAM, come with built-in editors that enable you to edit the G-code and even compare the new version with the old one. 

5. Create Clear, Detailed Instructions for CNC Operators 

Just as the programs should clearly and comprehensively outline what the machine should do, you should also prepare similarly detailed instructions for the CNC operator. Such instructions can take the form of remarks, which are notes embedded in the program. Additionally, notes found on the shop/technical drawings can guide the inspection and testing process. 

Collaboration between CAD Designers and CNC Machinists

A common thread that ties the above sections together is the needed collaboration between CAD designers and CNC machinists. Each can benefit from the other’s skill sets. For instance, machinists are conversant with the design for manufacturability (DFM) concept, which calls for the development and design of parts for efficient and cost-effective manufacture. However, they may lack the engineering knowledge to design robust products. Similarly, engineers may lack extensive machining knowledge.

Thus, engineers/CAD designers should consider machinists’ input during the product design phase. This is because the input will provide insights into how the design will impact the machining process and vice versa. Additionally, through collaboration, machinists will clearly communicate their shops’ capabilities. This collaborative approach ensures the designers do not come up with a design that is challenging to produce. Also, it clearly shows ways the design can be streamlined and modified to ensure it conforms to the DFM concept. 

Furthermore, the designers should make the machinists’ work easier by communicating more effectively. For example, they should deliver thoroughly annotated drawings, complete with detailed notes. Plus, they should ensure consistency in units of measurement. 

Conclusion

From the outset, machining is extremely expensive. Therefore, methods that bring down some of the costs are much appreciated. This is where preparing CAD files for CNC machining comes in. However, the making of the CAD files, i.e., the design phase, is foundationally crucial as it has a trickle-down effect. Thus, designers should embrace design for machining, which includes considerations such as strength and stiffness of the material, optimized tolerancing, standardizing features, and more. Afterward, the machinist should prepare the CAD files for machining by removing unwanted layers, choosing a machine and tool crib, undertaking element sequencing, running a simulation, and generating a program. Crucially, there are certain CNC best practices that machinists should follow. They should also collaborate with the designers for the best results possible. 

Note: Refer to this book for a comprehensive discussion of some of the sections herein, e.g., the history of CAD/CAM in CNC machining, the NC code prefixes, datums, and GD&T, discussed in this article; we have extensively used it as a reference.

Types of CNC Machines

There are nine main types of CNC machines, namely:

1. CNC Router Machines

CNC Router (source)

CNC routers are primarily designed to cut soft materials like wood, foam, and plastic. That said, some specialized routers can also cut soft metals such as aluminum. CNC router machines only work with soft materials because they have less torque – they use rotational speed to cut through materials. As such, they do not have enough power to cut hard materials.

In CNC router machines, the material lies stationary on the bed/table while the router head moves across the three axes, as in 3-axis CNC routers. (The router head houses a rotating router bit.) Some router machines are capable of additional movements. These are known as 5-axis routers. Typically, a 5-axis machine allows movement or rotation around 5 CNC machine axes: three linear axes (X, Y, and Z) and any two of the three rotary axes (A, B, and C). A rotates around the X-axis, B rotates around the Y-axis, and C rotates around the Z-axis.

The advantages of CNC router machines include:

• They are fast and offer great productivity

The disadvantages of CNC router machines are:

• They are less accurate than some other CNC machines
•  CNC routers are limited to working with soft materials

2. CNC Mill Machines

CNC Mill Machine (source)

A CNC mill machine is a high-precision machining tool that can work with hard materials such as aluminum, steel, and even titanium. It is capable of making more delicate cuts than a router machine. In addition, CNC milling machines can be used to shape, bore, and drill metal. To achieve various milling operations, the machines utilize different types of cutters (mills), including end mills (e.g., ball nose end mills and bull nose end mills), fly cutters, and face milling cutters.

This type of CNC machine also differs from the CNC router in another way. As indicated above, the workpiece in a CNC router remains stationary while the router head moves across the various axes. However, in CNC mill machines, the spindle head moves along the X- and Y-axes while the workpiece moves along the Z-axis. It is worth noting, however, that the cutting action is produced because of the cutter’s rotating motion. The moving workpiece contributes to the CNC mill machines’ increased precision.

The advantages of CNC mill machines include the following:

• They can work on hard materials
• CNC mill machines offer great precision, with some accounts noting that they can make cuts to within thousandth of an inch
• They support numerous operations, including shaping, boring, drilling, and cutting
• CNC Mill machines are suitable for mass production as they guarantee consistency and quality

The disadvantages of CNC mill machines are:

• They can be costly

3. CNC Lathe Machine

CNC Lathe Machine (source)

CNC lathe machines are primarily used to create cylindrical or round shapes. They are used for machining parts through a cutting process. Usually, the part or material is radially affixed to a rotating platform, which rotates it at a predetermined RPM. The cutting tool, on the other hand, moves laterally at a feed rate measured in inches per revolution. The cutting tool can also move inward or outward, thus altering the thickness of the material. 

The CNC lathe machine is ideal for creating parts that should have the same symmetry around a given axis. In addition, it can be used to perform several operations, including threading, boring, drilling, reaming and facing (cutting across the end – face – of a part). 

4. CNC Plasma Cutting Machine

CNC Plasma Cutter (source)

A CNC plasma cutting machine injects an electric current into a compressed stream of air or gas (such as argon, nitrogen, oxygen, or hydrogen), creating a high-energy, electrified gas that is passed through a nozzle. This causes the air/gas to squeeze through at high speed, forming plasma. (Plasma is the fourth state of matter in which charged particles comprising a combination of electrons and ions exist.) It is this plasma that melts the metal, essentially cutting it. However, the heat generated can be disadvantageous, as it modifies the region adjacent to the cut boundary.

There are three types of CNC plasma cutting machines based on the cutting process, which include:

• High-frequency contact: This low-budget process poses a risk to modern equipment and is, therefore, not used in CNC plasma cutters. It uses a high-frequency spark (which forms when the plasma torch contacts the cut metal, closing the circuit) along with a high voltage. The closed circuit creates the plasma that is used for cutting.
• Pilot arc: This second process combines a high voltage and a low current circuit to create a spark within the plasma torch (rather than outside). When the plasma cutter contacts the metal or workpiece, it creates a cutting arc, after which cutting can begin.
• Spring-loaded plasma torch head: This process relies on the creation of a short circuit when the torch is pressed against the metal and the release of this pressure, which establishes a pilot arc.

The CNC plasma cutting machine can be used to cut aluminum, stainless and mild steel, copper, brass, or cast iron. Essentially, it can cut any metal that conducts electricity. However, this can be a limitation, as it only cuts conductive materials. Beyond this, it offers a number of advantages, including:

• It produces high-quality cuts
• The CNC plasma machine is fast, being faster than laser cutters when cutting thick metal sheets
• It offers high precision
• The machine can be used in situations that require repeatability. This is particularly true when cutting thick metal sheets due to the associated speed.

This type of CNC machine has a few disadvantages, including:

• It is noisy
• The CNC plasma cutting machine produces fumes
• Some of its components, such as the nozzle and electrode, require periodic replacement
• It is unable to cut extremely thick materials.

5. CNC Waterjet Machine

CNC Waterjet Machine (source)

The CNC waterjet machine uses a CNC-directed vertical waterjet to cut materials such as titanium, paper, foam, marble, glass, and ceramics. However, when cutting hard materials, abrasives are added to the water stream (after it exits the nozzle) to enhance the cutting power. Generally, this machine produces clean cuts without burn marks or burrs (irregular rounded masses). While it is primarily used for cutting operations, the CNC waterjet machine can be deployed in a few other areas. For example, using multiple rotating waterjets, the machine can be used in paint stripping and surface preparation operations. 

CNC waterjet machines offer several advantages:

• They do not leave water behind, even when used to cut absorbent material. This is due to the velocity of the water.
• They produce clean cuts without burn marks or burrs
• The waterjet does not produce heat, which means they do not introduce mechanical stresses, surface hardening, or propagate cracks
• The water can be reused repeatedly, as the method does not pollute the fluid
• It can slice a moving slab of material 

There are several manufacturers of CNC waterjet machines, including Flow International Corporation, which sells the Mach line-up of products. Others include Techni Waterjet with its Intec G2 Waterjet CNC machines and Knuth’s Waterjet B-series machines, just to name a few.

6. CNC Laser Machine

CNC Laser Machine (source)

CNC laser machines are used to either cut material or mark parts. These machines work in one of three ways. The first involves the CNC program directing the laser over the surface of the material. The second involves the program moving the platform’s axis that carries the material, with the stationary laser beam. This movement defines the shape of the cut material. The third utilizes computer-positioned mirrors that direct the laser to the material – neither the laser nor the material moves. These mirrors move in three axes, expanding the working envelope without necessarily increasing the machine’s footprint. 

The energy produced by the laser beam can be varied. In this way, CNC laser machines can be used to remove material from only a fraction of the surface. Or, they can extend the cutting to great depths. Other advantages of the CNC laser machine include:

• They produce little heat-impacted zones due to the narrowness and intensity of the laser beam
• These machines are highly accurate
• They are quiet
• When used to mark parts, they produce fast and permanent marking
• CNC laser machines offer excellent sheet utilization. 

7. CNC-Driven Electrical Discharge Machine

CNC-Driven Electrical Discharge Machine (source)

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a metal-cutting technology. It is used in cases where the target shape is impossible to achieve using other processes or where the metalwork is too hard to machine conventionally. It is also selected when a mirror finish is required. These machines cut metal by generating millions of tiny electric arcs between the workpiece and the electrode. These arcs act as the ‘cutting teeth,’ vaporizing and melting the metal, creating microcraters. The melted particles cool and are immediately flushed away, as the metal is submerged in a fluid. Besides washing away waste, the fluid, which is a dielectric, also provides a cooling effect and controls the cutting process, thus promoting accuracy.

The advantages of a CNC-driven electrical discharge machine include:

• It produces a mirror finish
• The machine can cut any metal regardless of the hardness

However, there are a few concerns that are worth taking into account when it comes to this type of CNC machine. This can be summarized as the disadvantages of CNC-driven EDMs: 

• The heat produced can modify the material
• The depth of the cut decreases the flushing ability of the fluid. In fact, the particles of the metal, the destroyed electrode, and the burned fluid build up within the gap
• As the cutting action progresses, the energy spread increases over the expanding area, reducing the arcs’ temperature to a less-than-useful level.

8. CNC Grinding Machines

CNC Grinding Machine (source)

CNC grinding machines utilize a rotating wheel that removes material from a metallic workpiece. They produce very high-quality surface finishes and are, therefore, mostly used during the finishing stages of the machining/manufacturing process. This surface finish quality depends on the grinding wheel’s speed, which should remain constant throughout the process. Therefore, the motor should be capable of delivering the required torque consistently and reliably. Additionally, since the process generates a lot of heat, a lubricant is used to cool the workpiece’s surface.

9. 3D Printer

3D Printer (source)

3D printing is an example of CNC machining. However, it differs from all the other types of CNC machines above, which use subtractive manufacturing. 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that relies on the G-code programming language to guide its movement. It involves melting and extruding material, such as resin or metal, layer by layer to create physical shapes from a digital 3D model or CAD file.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a CNC Machine

Choosing a CNC machine can be daunting. However, we have compiled a list of ten factors to consider whenever you wish to make this crucial decision.

1. Motor Power

The motor drives the cutter in CNC mills and lathe machines and the grinder in grinding machines. Therefore, when choosing a CNC machine, consider whether its motor can deliver the power for the intended task. For instance, if you intend to use your CNC router to smooth the edges of wood products, then a lower horsepower machine will suffice. In contrast, a higher horsepower machine is better suited for more extensive jobs.

Additionally, consider whether the motor power is supplied by hydraulic pumps or electric current. Hydraulic motors generally offer more power, durability, and efficiency than electric motors. As a result, they are primarily used in precision CNC grinding machines.

2. Type of Drive Motor Used

CNC machines use motors to drive movement along or around the various axes. The motors should be capable of moving the same way every time upon receiving a given amount of energy. The acceleration and deceleration curves should also be similar. However, not all motors have these properties. In this regard, the type of drive motor should also be a prime consideration when choosing a CNC machine.

There are three types of drive motors: the servo motor, stepper motor, and hydraulic motor. The hydraulic motor is driven by pumps but is less common. The servo motor is highly controllable; it delivers predictable speed, power, and acceleration curves based on the input energy. As the input energy increases, this type of motor exerts more force or spins faster. DC-driven servo motors are the most common and are preferred in heavy machining. Servo motors require tuning for proper system operation. 

Moreover, they are generally more expensive than stepper motors. However, these factors should only concern you if you are building a CNC machine; if you purchase a ready-made CNC machine, the manufacturer will have already tuned the motors.

Lastly, as the name suggests, the stepper motor moves in small increments based on the energy received. This type of motor requires computation as the CPU must coordinate the timed input of energy, measured in pulses, with the programmed feed rate. The faster the pulses are sent to the motor, the faster the motor rotates. Stepper motors are best suited for woodwork or detailing work. That said, they are cheaper and simpler to understand and work with; moreover, they do not require tuning.

3. Material

Two related but fundamental questions you should ask yourself are: What material will you be using? What will you make? This is because CNC machines are suited for different functions. For instance, say you are into woodwork; the kind of machine you would use to mill furniture parts is very different from the one you would use to carve signs. It is evident that wood has significantly different properties from metal. Thus, if you are looking for a CNC machine best suited for milling or cutting metal, avoid selecting a CNC router. Instead, choose other options such as the CNC mill machine, CNC plasma cutter, or CNC laser cutter.

4. Budget

Different manufacturers cater to different market segments, developing and selling CNC machines for various price points. It is important to note that sub-$1000 CNC machines are not suitable for commercial use. Instead, these machines are designed for hobbyists. Thus, if you need a CNC machine for your business, consider choosing a slightly more expensive machine designed for commercial use. 

Additionally, the prices of CNC machines vary based on the technology used and the capabilities. For instance, the Fab Light laser cutter for sheet metal and tubes starts at $65,000. On the other hand, the Trulaser 3030 2D laser cutting machine, which boasts high performance, high-speed cuts, and is much larger than the Fab Light machine, costs north of $1 million, according to one YouTuber. Moreover, the Tormach 1100MX CNC mill starts at $26,975, despite being slightly larger than the Fablight machine. 

TruLaser 3030 CNC Laser Cutting Machine (source)

Conversely, entry-level CNC plasma machines, suitable for small welding shops, are priced around $18,000 (£15,000). Industrial plasma cutters cost between $113,000 (£90,000) and $315,000 (£250,000).

5. Size, Work Capacity, and Production Volume

Some CNC machines, especially those designed for mass production of parts, have a large footprint comparable to a small car or SUV. In addition, in some cases, machines such as laser cutters require additional equipment such as an air compressor, auxiliary air tanks, a compressed air dehumidifier, and a dedicated dust collection and air filtration system. Thus, before you choose a CNC machine, ask yourself whether your workshop is large enough to house all this equipment. 

And if the workshop is large enough, is your production volume commensurate? Large CNC machines are intended for mass production. Thus, if you want to choose a CNC machine that will help you iterate prototypes and produce products faster, then a large machine with all the necessary tools is desirable. This is due to their continuous duty rating. However, the size also impacts the price. For instance, the Trulaser 3030 2D laser cutting machine, which is larger than the Fab Light machine, costs north of $1 million, according to one YouTuber. It, however, boasts high performance and high-speed cuts.

On the other hand, if you choose a machine with a small footprint, it is equally important to consider the usable area. The machine should not be so small that it prevents you from accomplishing the tasks or working on certain sizes. Therefore, when selecting a CNC machine, look for terms like ‘working envelope,’ ‘work zone,’ and ‘usable area.’ These terms define the exact area within which the cutting tool can operate.

6. CAD/CAM Software

Most consumer-grade CNC machines come with a CAD/CAM program included or available as an option. Still, you do not need to worry about the program that comes with the machine. Most CAM software, such as Fusion, SolidWorks, CATIA, BobCAD, and more, are compatible with most CNC machines.

However, some manufacturers, such as CarveWright and ShaperTools, maintain a closed ecosystem, developing proprietary systems that are intended to control the toolpaths. This, therefore, means you have to learn how to use such software, adding unnecessary steps to the manufacturing process. Occasionally, these programs are only accessible by paying a subscription fee. Thus, when looking to choose a CNC machine, consider whether it can be operated by third-party software or if the software is free.

7. Cutting or Machining Technology

Indeed, there are different types of CNC machines, each using its own cutting or machining technology. As highlighted above, these technologies are suited for different materials and produce different results. In addition, some cutters, such as CNC waterjet machines, can be used not only to cut material but also to strip paint and prepare the surface. Others, like CNC mills, can be used to drill, bore, and shape metals, while CNC lathe machines can be used for threading, boring, drilling and reaming, and facing. Thus, you should consider the machining technology as it opens you up to multiple other operations beyond cutting.

8. Nature of Control (PC or Handheld Control)

Some CNC machines, like the Shaper Origin from ShaperTools, are handheld. This means they assign you, the user, the responsibility to manually steer the machine as it makes the cuts. Nevertheless, these machines have intelligent features that compensate for human errors. For instance, the Shaper Origin makes real-time adjustments to ensure clean cuts. Also, if you steer outside the programmed path, the machine’s spindle automatically and safely retracts.

Shaper Origin Handheld CNC Router (source)

On the other hand, other CNC machines, their cutting tools, and their movements are 100% controlled either via a control system on your personal computer or through the software installed on the machine itself. The latter category operates without requiring a PC connection. But this convenience comes at a cost, as this type of CNC machine is often more expensive than PC-based machines. This is due to the fact that they have a built-in computer and storage that handles the computing tasks. A PC-controlled CNC machine example is the CNC Shark by Rockler. On the other hand, the Axiom Precision line-up of machines and some Fanuc-, HAAS-, and Bridgeport-branded CNC machines do not require a PC connection; they come with controllers or control panels.

9. Online Forums

Like all other mechanical components and software, CNC machines and systems can sometimes be problematic and complicated. Fortunately, reputable manufacturers have online forums that allow users to share experiences, ask questions, and receive answers to queries. These online communities are valuable resources for gathering real users’ opinions, which can help you compare machines. Additionally, they can help you familiarize yourself with the machines’ workings.  

10. Operator Skill Level

The CNC machines function quite differently, meaning the operator has to learn how each machine works. The knowledge gained while working with a particular type of CNC machine may not apply to another, especially if it is manufactured by a different manufacturer. Nonetheless, to get around this problem, machinists can use the same universal CNC controller for each machine.

Manufacturers such as Fanuc sell a wide range of CNC control systems. This line-up includes systems for standard machining applications to those capable of handling the most complex machining processes. These systems are compatible with CNC machines produced by other manufacturers. So, you can consider purchasing a universal CNC control system.

Fanuc’s Line-up of CNC Control Systems (source)

Choosing a CNC Machine Supplier

Even with the tips above, choosing a CNC machine and a supplier can be intimidating. This is because there are multiple options in the market. And given that the machines are expensive, going with the wrong one poses a significant monetary risk. Therefore, it pays to take time before deciding to choose a CNC machine and supplier. This calls for a strategic approach that follows the following six tasks or activities:

1. Research and Compare Different Suppliers and Offerings

Of course, there are multiple suppliers of each of the nine types of CNC machines. To stay ahead of the competition, these manufacturers promise various offerings, including after-sale services, features, and tools. Thus, if you hurriedly choose one supplier, you might eventually find out that you got a raw deal. We, therefore, advise that you carry out extensive research, utilizing both online and offline resources. Next, compile a comprehensive list of the different suppliers and their offerings. Using this list, you will then be able to compare these manufacturers and what they have to offer.

2. Evaluate Supplier Support and Training Resources

A simple look at the various suppliers’ sites shows a glaring difference: they have different approaches to offering support and training. For example, most offer learning materials in the form of in-depth training classes and courses on metalwork or woodwork, how-to resources, project ideas, step-by-step explanations of the features of the CNC machines (product training), and more.

At the same time, the suppliers offer support quite differently. For example, most usually staff their support team with field technicians (factory-trained employees) who have first-hand experience and can help clients with all service needs. This approach enables them to fix incidents via phone calls without having to dispatch technicians. As a result, downtime is minimized, especially given these individuals are available round the clock, 24/7. 

However, you may be surprised to realize that some suppliers do not provide supplier services – at least, that is what we gathered by extensively going through their websites. (We cannot mention names, though.) For this reason, it is crucial to choose a CNC machine supplier that promises 24/7 support. After all, the mechanical equipment is bound to break down at one point during its service life.

3. Check Customer Reviews and References

As a business operator or owner, you may know a few other businesses that operate in your specific sector. And even if you do not, you can always create rapport by reaching out and asking about their preferred CNC machines. Armed with such information, you can easily choose a CNC machine over another. Alternatively, you can go through customer reviews on social media or dedicated review sites like Trustpilot. However, reviews are hard to come by because industrial-grade machines are rarely sold online but rather by directly contacting the manufacturer or supplier.

4. Go Through Online Forums

Online forums are convenient platforms where customers share their experiences with the manufacturers’ CNC machines. They also ask questions about problems encountered during use, expecting answers from other users or the company’s representative. Therefore, these online forums, which are maintained by the manufacturer, are an ideal way to gather data on problematic machines. This way, you can identify those to avoid, thus helping you narrow down your search.

5. Evaluate After-Sale Services

Some suppliers – such as FANUC and Flow Shape Technologies Group – work on the premise that every customer’s needs differ. They, therefore, adapt their after-sale services to suit these specific needs. As a result, they offer predictive, preventive, and reactive maintenance, as well as a comprehensive catalog of OEM parts. 

Preventive maintenance involves undertaking scheduled maintenance after a given number of hours or months. Predictive maintenance entails remotely monitoring the condition of your equipment to determine when the supplier should schedule the maintenance. This approach predicts breakdowns before they can result in downtime. Lastly, reactive maintenance involves scheduling repairs immediately after the equipment breaks down, with the work carried out by local OEM-trained service engineers.

Some suppliers only offer some of these services, while others offer all. However, the latter is predicated on selecting and paying for the maintenance package containing all these services. So, if you want to enjoy all these perks, choose a CNC supplier who promises these offerings and subscribe to the service.

6. Negotiate Fair Price and Warranty Terms

Once you have arrived at a few viable options of equal quality and caliber, it is time to purchase. It is nonetheless important not to rush into it. Instead, contact the suppliers and negotiate a fair price and warranty terms. But the likelihood of a successful negotiation is dependent on multiple factors. It goes without saying that these suppliers have dealt with big-name clients. So, exercising patience, deploying soft negotiations, and showing what you bring to the table is crucial.

Assessing Machine Performance and Maintenance

Unplanned downtimes can be expensive. Automotive companies, for instance, lose an average of $22,000 per minute when the production line stops. For smaller manufacturers, this figure is likely smaller. Still, data shows that the average manufacturer suffers 800 hours of equipment downtime every year or over 15 hours per week. This downtime is often attributed to reactive maintenance processes, where companies wait for the equipment to break down before they can repair it. However, predictive and preventative maintenance has been shown to keep production running and improve uptime. So, how can you achieve maximum uptime and productivity?

1. Monitor Productivity

It is important to establish the baseline performance. Once a machine’s productivity falls below this figure, it can be said to be performing under par. This can point to a developing problem, helping you predict and prevent future breakdowns. In fact, some suppliers who provide predictive maintenance services use this approach. They connect their servers to the machine, collecting and monitoring data on its performance over time and the performance history throughout its lifecycle. This data enables them to identify issues and speedily resolve them.  

2. Identify Common Maintenance Issues and Costs

By assessing the machine’s performance history, you can gather information about common maintenance issues and the associated costs. You can then use this data to purchase the required spare parts. By having a catalog of parts, you can replace those that break down as soon as they stop working, allowing you to reduce downtime. This data also helps you allocate a budget for repairs or maintenance, ensuring you are always prepared for any eventuality. 

3. Evaluate the Need for Additional Software or Hardware Upgrades

It is advisable to consider an upgrade, especially if adding certain software or hardware can help improve performance or the maintenance procedure. For instance, a combination of software and hardware upgrades could enable you to collect data remotely, assisting in predictive maintenance. However, first, conduct an in-depth assessment to establish whether it is a worthy investment. After all, such upgrades can be extensive. 

Conclusion

There are multiple types of CNC machines, some of which can be an excellent fit for your business. These include CNC router machines, CNC mills, CNC plasma cutters, CNC waterjet machines, CNC lathe machines, CNC laser machines, 3D printers, CNC-driven electrical discharge machines, and CNC grinding machines. Coupled with the presence of numerous supplies, this wide variety of viable options makes the act of choosing the right CNC machine daunting and intimidating. In this guide, we have highlighted factors to consider when choosing a CNC machine, approaches to use when selecting a supplier, and how to assess machine performance and performance to boost uptime.

Drawing File is Not Valid Error Message in AutoCAD

In this article, we will explore the various factors that can cause the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error. Additionally, we will detail the appropriate troubleshooting techniques as well as the procedure to follow. Finally, we will discuss tips on how to avoid the error. In all, we aim to help you resolve the issue as soon as possible, enabling you to seamlessly get back to your project.

Understanding the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ Error Message

The ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error message in AutoCAD can be disorienting. This can be especially true if you had previously opened the drawing. The error message indicates that the drawing file is corrupted or damaged and cannot be used. Alternatively, it might point to an issue with how the file was stored – what Autodesk calls environmental factors. From a broad perspective, the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error is caused by the following factors:

• The complete file is not available on the local hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) because it is stored on a cloud server.
• Hardware malfunction, such as bad memory (RAM) or storage (HDD or SSD) failure: AutoCAD, like other modern software, typically loads files (drawings) into the RAM for fast and easy access. Once the file is saved, the changes are written to storage, and that data is wiped off the RAM. Unfortunately, the file will be damaged or corrupted if a malfunction prevents the information from being correctly written to storage.
• Non-AutoCAD data: Although the file extension may indicate that you are trying to open a DWG or DXF file, the underlying architecture may not be that of an AutoCAD-generated .dwg or .dxf file. We have detailed below how to confirm if you are working with a .dwg or .dxf file.
• The file is encrypted
• The file is downloaded from outdated emailing services, such as Outlook Express 2007
• Improperly converted files: With AutoCAD, you can import several native and neutral file formats; the software then converts them to DWG when you save the file. However, this conversion may sometimes not be completed as intended, leading to damaged or corrupted files 
• Internet connection is interrupted while working on the file, particularly when it is externally stored on a server
• The combined length of the file path, file name, and file extension exceeds 255 characters
• Internet transmission issues, also known as transmittal issues, refer to problems that may occur when transmitting files over the internet using the ETRANMIT command

‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ Error Troubleshooting Techniques

There are several approaches to finding the source of the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error. Here are some of them:

1. Repair the Drawing Using the RECOVER Command

This command prompts the program to recover the drawing database, audit the data therein, and extract as much data from the damaged file. Upon completing the data extraction, AutoCAD opens the file. According to Autodesk, files that can be recovered include DWG, DWS, and DWT. To repair the file, type RECOVER on the command line and hit Enter. Next, locate the affected file by using the Select File (File Explorer) dialog box that pops up.

2. Delete DWL/DWL2 Files 

Locate DWL/DWL2 files with the same name as the corrupted file. These files are normally located within the same folder. If you cannot delete the files, then that means another user has the drawing open. You can check who has the drawing open using the WHOHAS command. 

Message Displayed on Use of WHOHAS Command in AutoCAD

DWL and DWL2 files are temporary hidden files that AutoCAD creates. They store information such as the user that has the drawing open at a particular time. They also store data on the exact time when the drawing was opened.

3. Confirm that You are Working with a DWG or DXF File

Check the file extension and confirm that it is either .dwg or .dxf. For example, a DWG file will have a file name like “example.dwg” and a DXF file will have a file name like “example.dxf”. Additionally, open the drawing file with a text editor to confirm that it has the correct version code format “AC<four-digit number>”, such as AC1032. If the file does not have this format, it may indicate that the file is not a valid DWG file or it may be corrupted.

DWG File Structure (source)

Alternatively, if you are working with a DXF file, check whether the file has the following structure when opened with a text editor. If it does not, the file is not a DXF file and cannot be opened with AutoCAD.

DXF File Structure (source)

4. Insert the Affected Drawing into the Current Drawing

You can force AutoCAD to insert the affected drawing into your current drawing using the classic version of the INSERT command known as the CLASSICINSERT. Alternatively, use the INSERT command if your AutoCAD version does not support this classic command.

5. Recover the File Using the DRAWINGRECOVERY Command

The DRAWINGRECOVERY command lets you access recoverable drawings after a system or program failure. It opens the Drawing Recovery Manager. You can also access the Drawing Recovery Manager via the Application menu. Simply click Application menu > Drawing Utilities > Open the Drawing Recovery Manager. 

Drawing Recovery Manager

Figure 5: Drawing Recovery Manager

6. Manually Recover the Drawing File

You can recover the drawing file provided the software has not crashed. However, you must do this manually following the procedure below:

1. First, locate the exact folder where AutoCAD stores temporary files. You can do this by following these steps:
   1. Key in OP or OPTIONS on the command line and then click Enter. 
   2. Next, find the Automatic Save File Location parent directory on the Options dialog box’s Files.
   3. Then, copy the subdirectory’s file path displayed. 
   4. Close the Options dialog box
2. Open the Windows File Explorer and paste the file path, which will open the folder containing the temporary files stored by AutoCAD. 
3. Copy and paste the damaged/corrupted file’s name into the File Explorer’s search bar.
4. Windows will display all files within this folder with the name you have entered
5. AutoCAD saves backup files using the .bak extension; change the file extension of the most recently saved .bak file to .dwg
6. Open the now-DWG file in AutoCAD

Regularly creating backup files of your drawings is important to avoid losing data due to file corruption or other issues.

7. Use Volume Shadow Copies

The drawing recovery manager is touted as the easiest way to recover a drawing file after a crash. This is because it manages files that AutoCAD had backed up prior to failure. However, if the backup files are also corrupted, try to restore a backup from Volume Shadow Copies. 

The volume shadow copy is an IT backup method that must have been configured prior to use. This means that if you have not set up your system to support this method, you cannot use it. 

To restore the backup, follow this procedure:

1. Open Windows Explorer and locate the folder containing the affected drawing
2. Left-click on the drawing and choose from the contextual menu “Properties”
3. On the dialog box that pops up, select the “Previous Versions” tab
4. If the volume shadow copies method is configured, you will see a lot of backups of this drawing, saved at different times/dates. Select one backup that you expect to be working and recover it.

Previous Version Tab in Windows

Performing these troubleshooting techniques in the order we discussed above is advisable. In fact, AutoCAD has a step-by-step troubleshooting widget that enables you to repair corrupt files. Below is an image of the first step.

Autodesk Troubleshooting Widget

8.  Other Solutions

If AutoCAD still displays the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error message even after you have tried these recommended remedies, it is time to try other solutions. These include:

• Open the file directly as opposed to using the shortcut in the recent documents menu on AutoCAD’s start page
• To eliminate network or cloud storage issues, try opening the file from a different location, such as the local HDD or SSD
• Open third-party files (those that are native to other applications) in their native software and export them as DWG files, if the option is supported 
• Confirm and verify that the cloud storage location is working properly
• Update AutoCAD to the latest version
• Ensure the combined length of the file name, file path, and file extension does not exceed 255 characters
• Only use up-to-date versions of emailing services
• If you are transmitting drawings via the internet, first compress them into ZIP files before sending them, and if you are the recipient, ensure you extract the drawings before opening them

Tips for Avoiding the Error

While some of the causes are unpreventable and unpredictable, others are not. In fact, there are several measures you can take to reduce the chances of AutoCAD displaying the somewhat dreadful ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error message. Here are some tips you can use:

1. Always keep your operating system and AutoCAD up to date
2. If your network is prone to being problematic, make sure that you store the drawing file locally
3. Use trusted, reliable, and up-to-date file transfer methods and emailing services
4. Configure your network to support Volume Shadow Copies
5. Regularly save and backup your drawing files

Conclusion

The ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error message can disorient your workflow. With the internet being home to plenty of resources, troubleshooting can be nothing short of the proverbial finding a needle in a haystack. Fortunately, this article covers all bases, providing a clear roadmap to resolve the error. In particular, we have explored the causes and delved into how you can solve each of these issues. It is essential to follow a specific order when resolving the issues. This is because this orderly approach allows you to eliminate one possible cause after another, eventually arriving at the main culprit. Once you have solved the issue, it is equally important to implement measures that help you avoid the ‘Drawing File is Not Valid’ error in the future. For instance, you should keep your OS and AutoCAD up to date as well as regularly save and back up your drawing files. But more importantly, you should be prepared for any eventuality.

Setting Up Drawings for Batch Plotting

The process of batch plotting starts well before you click the Batch Plot button. This is because there are a few tasks to complete before setting up the batch plot. This includes creating page setups for the various layouts in the drawing and opening the Publish dialog box.

Creating a Page Setup

As highlighted in our previous guide to viewports in AutoCAD, there are two types of viewports: model space and layout viewports. The former enables you to work on the model within a work area known as the model space. On the other hand, the latter allows you to view and, based on the settings, work on the drawing within a work area known as a paper space.

To create a page setup for a given layout:

1. Click the plus sign in the Models and Layout tab section of the AutoCAD window
2. Then, click on the newly created layout, as doing this will simultaneously open the Page Setup Manager dialog box
   
   
   

   Page Setup Manager Dialog Box in AutoCAD

   This dialog box enables you to either use existing page setup details or create a new custom page setup. The page setup contains details that act as printing rules. Following these rules, the software prints the drawings just as you want.
3. To customize the page setup details, click New on the dialog box, specify the name of the custom page setup, and click OK. 
4. Next, AutoCAD will open the Page Setup dialog box
   
   
   

   Page Setup Dialog Box in AutoCAD

   Here, you can specify the name of the plotter or printer, paper size, plot area, plot offset, plot style table, plot options, drawing orientation, and plot scale. 
   1. Plotter/Printer Name: AutoCAD lists available system printers and PC3 files that you can choose to plot the current layout or sheet
   2. Paper Size: This option allows you to select your preferred paper size based on what your plotter can support and scale, among other factors.
   3. Plot style table: Plot style tables help reduce the number of redundant steps whenever you want to plot a drawing, as they contain a number of the plot settings you use during this process.
   4. Plot options: You can choose several plot options by simply checking the corresponding box. These options include Plot transparency, Plot object lineweight, Plot paperspace last, Hide paperspace objects, and Plot with plot styles. 
   5. Drawing orientation: This option directs the software on how to orient and plot the drawing relative to the edges of the page.
   6. Plot scale: This option allows you to specify the scale or let AutoCAD fit the drawing to paper.
5. Click OK

AutoCAD associates the details you select through the procedure above with a specific page setup. And detailed below, the software uses these details to execute a batch plot of the drawings.

Opening the Publish Dialog Box

AutoCAD’s Publish dialog box is where the batch plot magic happens. This window enables you to configure batch plotting settings, create and manage drawing lists, select the folder where AutoCAD will save the plotted files, and more. To open this dialog box, follow either of the two procedures below:

1. Click the application button on the top-left section of the AutoCAD window
2. In the resulting menu, hover your mouse cursor over the arrow next to the Print button and then select the Batch Plot option
3. The Publish dialog box will be displayed by AutoCAD

Publish Dialog Box in AutoCAD

Alternatively, you can:

1. Click on the Output ribbon tab
2. Select Batch Plot from the Plot ribbon panel
3. The Publish dialog box will be displayed by AutoCAD

Configuring Batch Plotting Settings

As mentioned earlier, the Publish window allows you to adjust the batch plotting settings. To access the plotting settings, click the Publish Options button to open the PDF Publish Options dialog box. It is worth noting that this button is only available when you intend to publish to PDF, meaning you want to convert the drawings to a PDF format. In this dialog box, you can modify the vector quality, raster image quality, and the folder where the PDF file will be saved. 

PDF Publish Options Dialog Box in AutoCAD

Creating and Managing Drawing Sheet List

The sheet list includes all the drawings designated for plotting. AutoCAD automatically loads all open drawings and displays them within the Publish window. Each drawing can be identified by a sheet name, derived from the model or layout tab where it is located. 

Adding Drawings to Sheet List

Additionally, you can add drawings to this list. To do this, follow the procedure below:

1. Click the Add Sheets button to display the Select Drawings dialog box, allowing you to choose the drawings you want to add to the list
   
   
   

   Select Drawings Dialog Box in AutoCAD

2. Make sure to check the ‘Prefix sheet title with file name’ option, as it simplifies differentiating between sheets from various drawing files
3. In the Include drop-down menu, specify if you want to add models in the model space, layouts, or both
4. Click Select to complete adding the drawings

Organizing a Drawing Sheet List

AutoCAD enables you to move and organize the drawings in a sheet list by adjusting their order up or down. To move a drawing sheet up, select the drawing and click the Move Sheet Up button . Alternatively, to move a sheet down the order, select the drawing and click the Move Sheet Down button .

Loading Saved Drawing Sheet Lists

It is worth noting that you can also load previously saved drawing sheets. This eliminates the need to open all drawings each time you want to plot them. If you had already saved the drawing sheet earlier, for example, you can directly open the Publish dialog box upon launching the software and load the drawing sheet. Keep in mind that a drawing sheet is saved as a .dsd (drawing set descriptions) file. To load an existing drawing sheet list: 

1. Click the Load Sheet List button
2. Select the saved list from the options in the Load List of Sheets dialog box.
3. Click Load to complete the process

Saving Drawing Sheet List 

You can also save the loaded sheets as a .dsd file. To do this:

1. Save all the drawings displayed in the sheet list (in their respective model space or layout viewports)
2. In the Publish dialog box, click the Save Sheet List button , which opens the Save List As dialog box
3. Select the folder where you want to store the .dsd file, enter the file name, and click Save

Previewing and Plotting Batch Drawings

AutoCAD allows you to preview the drawings before proceeding with the batch plot. The software presents the drawings precisely as they will appear once plotted. To preview the drawings, click the Preview button , which opens the print preview

AutoCAD Print Preview Commands

window. Here, you can use the arrow buttons to navigate from one drawing sheet to another. To close the print preview, click the Close Preview Window button (the X button in the image). 

If you are satisfied with what you see, it is time to batch plot the drawings. How can you execute this process? To plot batch drawings, do the following:

1. Select the Plotter named in page setup option in the Publish to drop-down list
2. Next, in the individual drawing sheets, change the Page Setup to the plotter’s name
   Do note that if you had specified the name of the plotter in the Page Setup dialog box earlier (refer to the Creating a Page Setup section above), AutoCAD would send the sheets to this specific plotter for printing. Alternatively, if you had specified that AutoCAD should convert the drawing to PDF, the software would do so, but this time it would convert all the drawings simultaneously. Therefore, AutoCAD utilizes the settings you select during the page setup stage to execute a batch plot operation. However, bear in mind that AutoCAD applies page setups to similar spaces. This implies that a page setup created for a layout tab is not compatible with a model tab, and vice versa. 
3. In the Publish Output section, specify the number of copies you want AutoCAD to print
4. Finally, click Publish

To batch-convert drawings to PDF, follow this procedure:

AutoCAD PDF Presets

1. Select the PDF option in the Publish to drop-down list
2. Ensure the sheets’ respective page setup information is set to Default: None
3. Additionally, choose your preferred preset from the PDF Preset drop-down menu. You can select from one of the five options, as shown in the image to the right.
4. In the Publish Output section, specify the number of copies you want AutoCAD to print
5. Finally, click Publish

Troubleshooting Batch Plotting Issues

AutoCAD displays the message in the image below if the batch plot is successful. 

Successful Batch Plot Message in AutoCAD

The message notifies you that the software did not encounter any errors or warnings while publishing the drawings. However, this may not always be the case. Batch plotting issues might arise, rendering the process unsuccessful. These issues include:

1. Problematic plotter configuration: According to Autodesk, this can be caused by several factors, including the fact that the system printer driver for the driver may not have been installed, is a different version than specified, or is corrupted; the printer is not connecting to the computer; the local copy of the file is corrupted, among other reasons.
2. An incorrect printout when using a customized page setup: This may appear as colored prints when batch printed, but greyscale when printed on a single sheet. This could be because the drawing is configured to use a named plot table style (STB) instead of a color-dependent plot table style (CTB), or vice versa. Alternatively, it may be due to a missing PDF writer or a plotter that is not connected to the computer.
3. Page size output issues: This issue may present as an output that is cropped to a smaller page size; an output that is scaled to a smaller page size with the selected page setting in the page setup being discarded; the correct page size is maintained, but only a small portion of the drawing is printed in a scaled-up format; or an invalid media configuration message.
4. Objects that are missing or do not plot: This issue can be caused by incorrect plotter configuration; layers that are set to No Plot or turned off; objects placed on the Defpoints layer; corrupt layers, frozen or corrupt viewports, and more
5. Slow batch plot process: The process may take an unusually long time to complete, or it may hang or pause

To solve a particular batch plotting issue, you first have to isolate it. Next, you have to identify the cause. Afterward, you can consult Autodesk’s support resources for a comprehensive solution. For example, when encountering a problematic plotter configuration, AutoCAD suggests trying several solutions, such as installing the missing printer driver, changing the printer in the page setup, or using the Convert DWG utility to remove all saved plotters. Regrettably, this implies that there is no universal solution for batch plotting issues. To access the various support resources, click the corresponding link for the issue you have identified.

Conclusion

AutoCAD promotes convenience by helping design professionals save time. It achieves this using the batch plot feature that allows for the simultaneous printing/publishing of multiple drawings. The software allows users to configure batch plotting settings, create, manage, and save drawing sheet lists, and preview the drawings prior to printing. If all factors are favorable and the selected settings are ideal for the task, the batch plot process completes without issues. However, this is not always the case, meaning that troubleshooting is necessary at least once in a while. AutoCAD has several support resources that can enable you to identify and solve the various issues.

What is a Tool Palette in AutoCAD?

The tool palette is an AutoCAD feature that helps users manage their work environment by providing easy and quick access to commonly used tools or commands. It organizes commonly used tools and content in a tabbed window. Some examples of supported content and tools include hatch patterns, blocks, tables, custom tools, dimensions, raster images, xrefs, geometric objects, visual styles, lights, cameras, and materials. You can also add AutoCAD commands.

Importantly, the tool palette in AutoCAD combines the functionalities of AutoCAD ribbons as well as toolbars. For instance, it has tabs, similar to the ribbon tabs. These tabs contain a cluster of related or thematic tools. The AutoCAD palette also features icons, just like the toolbars, enabling you to visualize what each tool accomplishes. Additionally, it supports docking, meaning you can affix it to a particular location on the screen. Alternatively, you can elect to have it float within your workspace or even another CAD monitor.

First introduced in March 2003 as part of AutoCAD 2004 (Release 18), the tool palette was designed to accelerate workflows, enabling users to quickly create designs and drawings. The feature has stuck to this original goal even though it has received a few improvements over the years. 

How to Open or Enable the Tool Palettes Window in AutoCAD

There are several ways you can create or enable an AutoCAD tool palette:

1.     Command Line

To create an AutoCAD palette using the command line approach, follow the procedure below:

1. Type TOOLPALETTES on the command line
2. Hit Enter
   The tool palette will appear on your workspace

2.     Shortcut Key

The shortcut key is the fastest method to enable the tool palette in AutoCAD. Simply follow the following steps:

1. Press CTRL+3 while in the AutoCAD workspace
   The software will display the tool palette, which is characterized by many tabs that, as stated, denote a cluster of related tools. 

3.     View Ribbon

The ribbon approach is perhaps the most common approach to creating a tool palette. This is likely because all other AutoCAD features are primarily accessed via this route. To create a new AutoCAD palette using the ribbon approach, here are the steps to follow:

1. Click on the View ribbon tab
2. Locate the Palettes ribbon panel
3. Click on the Tool Palettes icon, following which the AutoCAD palette window will open

4.     DesignCenter

The DesignCenter approach involves a few additional steps than the other three approaches. Regardless, it is beneficial as it allows you to create a tool palette with existing content. To use it, follow the procedure below:

1. Click on the View ribbon tab
2. Locate the Palettes ribbon panel
3. Click on the DesignCenter icon , which opens the DesignCenter window
4. Click on the Folders tab and locate the Sample folder within the list of folders (Folder List)
5. Find the DesignCenter subfolder
   Depending on the AutoCAD version, the DesignCenter subfolder might be within the en-us subfolder. The DesignCenter subfolder contains a list of .dwg files that contain pre-existing drawings (predetermined content). Each of these files is grouped based on their function, e.g., kitchen, HVAC, hydraulic, landscaping, electrical power, and so on. To access the drawings in the files, double-click the file icon and select one of the options from the expanded menu. If you select Blocks, for example, the content area of the DesignCenter window will display the various blocks as thumbnail icons.
   
   
   

   AutoCAD DesignCenter Window

6. Right-click on the specific icon you want to add to the AutoCAD palette, and on the menu, select Create Tool Palette
   AutoCAD will create a tool palette that contains all the tools in the predetermined content
   
   
   

   Create Tool Palette Menu in AutoCAD

How to Create a New, Blank Tool Palette in AutoCAD

It is noteworthy that the four approaches discussed above simply open the tool palettes window, which contains default tool palette categories, each with a set of commonly used tools. However, you can create your own AutoCAD palette category that suits your unique needs. To do this, simply follow the procedure below:

1. Open the Tool Palettes window in AutoCAD using any of the four aforementioned approaches
2. Right-click on one of the palette tabs in the window and select the New Palette option 
3. Enter a new name for this blanks tool palette and press Enter

You will notice that AutoCAD will create a blank tool palette within the window. This gives you the liberty to add any tool of your choice. Against this backdrop, how do you add tools to tool palettes?

How to Add Tools to Tool Palettes

AutoCAD supports different methods for adding new and pre-existing tools to its tool palettes window. Generally, the software allows you to add a tool by dragging it from another section of the drawing or user interface. Alternatively, you can copy a particular tool from one palette and paste it into a new one. Here are the various ways you can add tools to AutoCAD palettes:

1. Drag geometric objects, raster images, hatch patterns (gradient and solid fills), dimensions, blocks, and external refs from your drawing onto the AutoCAD palette
2. Drag pre-existing drawings, blocks, xrefs, dimensions, and hatches from the DesignCenter window
   It is noteworthy that if you add drawings to the tool palette via this method and subsequently drag them into a drawing, AutoCAD will insert them as blocks rather than drawings whose objects can be independently manipulated.
3. Drag commands from the Command List pane on the Customize User Interface (CUI) window
   This allows you to store the most commonly used commands in a single location rather than accessing them from a wide range of independent locations such as drop-down menus, ribbons, the command window, and the CUI dialog box. To open the Customize User Interface window/editor, shown below, simply type CUI on the command line and press Enter.
   
   
   

   Customize User Interface (CUI) Window in AutoCAD

4. Drag toolbar buttons from the Customize window
   To open the Customize window/dialog box, type CUSTOMIZE on the command line and press Enter.
   
   
   

   Customize Dialog Box in AutoCAD

5. Copy and paste tools from one AutoCAD palette to another

What Are Palette Groups and How Do You Make Them?

Suppose you have several tool palettes containing related tools, such as hatch patterns. In such a case, it is only fitting to reorganize these tools in a way that they’d be contained within the same AutoCAD palette group named Hatch Pattern. You can control the specific groups and, by extension, tools that can be displayed on the palette window if these palette groups are created. This means that only the palettes in the selected group can be displayed at a time. Thus, a palette group is a collection of related default or user-defined tools found within the same palette tab.

To group tool palettes, follow the procedure below:

1. Click on the Manage ribbon tab
2. On the Customization ribbon panel, click on the Tool Palettes icon, which opens the Customize window
3. Navigate to the Palette Groups section and right-click on any blanks space
4. Next, click New Group, type the desired name for the palette group, and press Enter.

How to Customize an Existing Palette?

While the default AutoCAD palette displays the same tools to all users, the software supports customization and expansion. This means you can create your own tool palette based on your unique needs, expanding the usability of the feature. You can customize the tool palettes by undertaking any of the following:

Customization #1: Delete the Tool or Tool Palettes

AutoCAD lets you delete the tool or tool palettes you no longer need. To delete a tool within a particular palette, simply right-click on the tool and click the Delete option. On the other hand, if you want to delete a particular tool palette, select that specific palette first. Next, right-click on its tab and select the Delete Palette option.

Customization #2: Sort the Tools 

AutoCAD enables you to use the sort option to rearrange the tools on any palette.

To do this, simply right-click any blank space in between the tools and select the Sort By option. Alternatively, you can use the drag functionality to achieve this goal.

Customization #3: Move Tool Palettes

You can change the position of a given tool palette tab by moving it either up or down the list of tabs. To do this, simply right-click any of the tabs and, on the menu, select Move Up or Move Down 

Customization #4: Rename the Palette tab

To rename the palette tab, right-click on the tab whose name you want to change and click the Rename Palette. Next, type the new name of the palette and press Enter.

Customization #5: Set the Tool Palette’s Status to Read-Only

This customization action protects the selected palette from accidental changes. To change the status to read-only, follow these steps:

1. Locate the palette file on your local drive. (This file is saved using a .atc extension.) 
2. Next, use the Properties option to change the status.
   Do note that AutoCAD helps you locate the palettes folder containing the palettes. First, open the Options window by typing OP or OPTIONS on the command line. Then, click on the Tool Palettes File Locations folder and take note of the file path that AutoCAD displays. 

Customization #6: Add Separator Lines and Text to AutoCAD Palettes

To do this, follow these steps:

1. Open the AutoCAD tool palette to which you wish to add text and separator lines
2. To add a separator line, right-click the blanks space in between two of the tools within which you want the separator line to be affixed and click the Add Separator option
3. To add a text, right-click the blank space in between two of the tools within which you want the text to be affixed and click the Add text option. Next, type the text you want to be displayed and press Enter.
4. To delete the separator line or text, right-click on either of these objects and click Delete

Sharing Tool Palettes

AutoCAD allows you to share tool palettes. More specifically, you can import or export a tool palette or palette group. Only by importing or exporting it, can you save and share it with other users. 

How to Export a Tool Palette or Palette Group in AutoCAD

To export an AutoCAD palette or palette group, follow the steps below:

1. Click the Manage ribbon tab
2. Under the Customization ribbon panel, select the Tool Palettes icon, which will open the Customize dialog box
3. To export a palette, simply right-click on that palette and choose the Export option. Next, enter the file name and click on Save. Do note that all AutoCAD palettes are exported as .xtp files.
4. To export a palette group, right-click on the specific palette group you want to export (under the Palette Groups section of the Customize window). Next, choose the Export option, enter the file name, and click Save. (All palette groups are exported as .xpg files.) 

How to Import a Tool Palette or Palette Group in AutoCAD

To import a tool palette or palette group in AutoCAD, follow the procedure below:

1. Click the Manage ribbon tab
2. Under the Customization ribbon panel, select the Tool Palettes icon, which will open the Customize dialog box
3. To import a palette, right-click on any blank space within the Palettes section of the Customize dialog box. Next, click the Import option. AutoCAD will open the Import Palette dialog box, allowing you to choose the file containing the palette. Finally, click Open to complete the importation. (Again, keep in mind that palette files have a .xtp file extension.)
4. To import a palette group, right-click on any blank space within the Palette Group section of the Customize dialog box. Next, click the Import option. AutoCAD will open the Import Group dialog box, allowing you to choose the file containing the palette. Finally, click Open to complete the importation. (Remember that palette files have a .xtg file extension.)

How to Close and Hide Tool Palette Panels in AutoCAD?

If you no longer wish to use the AutoCAD palette, you can close it by either clicking the Close (x) button or typing the TOOLPALETTESCLOSE on the command line and then pressing Enter. However, you may wish to leave the palette open in some cases, especially if you expect to use it much later in your work session. In such an instance, you can hide the tool palette panel using the Auto-Hide button, thus reducing the screen’s surface area occupied by the window. It is noteworthy that the panel reappears every time you hover your cursor over it.

AutoCAD Palette Layout and Buttons

Conclusion

The AutoCAD palette is a handy feature that enables you to access the tools you frequently use within a tabbed window. The tabs denote a group of related tools. AutoCAD, by default, displays several default tools within the tool palettes window. Still, it also allows you to create your own tool palettes by dragging them from a drawing or the DesignCenter. Additionally, you can share the tool palettes by exporting them or importing them from external files stored locally on your computer. Simply put, the AutoCAD palette feature helps simplify the design workflow.

In fact, a recent study by the online learning platform Coursera showed that 88% of employers either agree or strongly agree that professional certificates strengthen candidates’ applications. Additionally, software certifications offered by the likes of Autodesk have been shown to lead to better-paying jobs on the holders’ part. While there are numerous certificates and certifications you can pursue, this article will mainly focus on AutoCAD certifications.

What is the AutoCAD Certification?

Autodesk is committed to helping customers, employees, and communities adapt and thrive in the era of technology through its Future of Work initiative. As a result, Autodesk has invested in customers by helping them prepare for the future of work. As part of this broad goal, the company helps workers to learn new skills and earn professional certifications that evidence these skills. One of these certifications is the AutoCAD certification.

The AutoCAD credential is an industry-recognized and validated credential that showcases your AutoCAD design and drafting skills as well as your proficiency in using the software. It is conferred by Autodesk upon passing the requisite exam. Additionally, it is part of several Autodesk certifications targeting entry-level individuals and seasoned professionals working in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) and product design and manufacturing.

To help you showcase your achievements to hiring managers, the AutoCAD certification comes with a digital badge that you can share on LinkedIn, digital resumes, emails, and online portfolios. Additionally, you will also receive a personalized certificate that you can print.

Is the AutoCAD Certification Worth Acquiring?

In a world keen on deliverables, isn’t the workers’ ability to do the job what actually counts the most in the workplace? The answer is an emphatic yes. In fact, by some accounts, it does not matter whether or not the workers have certification. But this is only the case when looked at from a general perspective. On an individual level, certifications matter. They contribute to career progression, and the AutoCAD certification is no different. So, is it worth acquiring? 

To put it concisely, the Autodesk Certification in AutoCAD is worth acquiring under certain circumstances, including:

1. You are starting out in AutoCAD Careers or AEC

As we have discussed below, there are different types of AutoCAD credentials. Each certification is tailored to a given audience, based on their level of expertise and skill. Thus, if you are starting out in one of the AutoCAD careers and want to acquire and validate entry-level skills required to use AutoCAD software, the Autodesk Certified User certification in AutoCAD is an excellent place to start. And if you want to boost these skills even further, you can pursue a higher-level AutoCAD certification.

2. You want to gain more skills and experience in the software

Autodesk has created a broad range of free courses. These courses are self-paced and feature tutorials, learning modules, and downloadable resources. Combined, these elements enable you to gain more skills and experience in AutoCAD software.

3. An AutoCAD certification is required for a particular job

Suppose jobs you have been applying to require that you possess an Autodesk credential in AutoCAD. In that case, it is a sign that you should acquire the certification.

4. You want an increase in salary

The Autodesk certification leads to an increase in salary. According to an observation made by an official at Humanmade, a training center that partners with Autodesk to train employees before they can receive certification, several workers who had acquired certification had gotten placement opportunities about $5 more an hour than what they used to earn prior.

5. You desire more industry opportunities

According to a study by Gallup, certification leads to greater confidence in career prospects as well as more employment opportunities. In the US, 81% of Americans with a professional certification of some kind are employed, compared to only 68% of those without a credential. Certifications are also associated with career advancement opportunities and, therefore, higher job satisfaction. 

However, it is worth noting, per the study, that certifications only appear advantageous for employees with a high school diploma and no postsecondary education. Workers who have a certification and have undergone postsecondary education will generally not observe an improvement in job quality.

That said, there are instances when acquiring an AutoCAD certification may not be worth it. These include:

1. When you have a lot of hands-on expertise and experience in AutoCAD
2. When it is not needed for a role

Types of AutoCAD Certifications

There are two types of Autodesk Certifications in AutoCAD:

1. Autodesk Certified User (ACU) in AutoCAD

The ACU credential is the basic AutoCAD certification. It is ideal for students, interns, and entry-level users with about 120-150 hours of real-world AutoCAD experience. These users, it is envisioned, only have foundational knowledge of the software and can only perform AutoCAD-related tasks under supervision. 

A candidate for this AutoCAD credential must first sit an Autodesk certification exam, which Certiport, a leading provider of certification exams, administers. The exam is 50 minutes long and features 30 questions covering basic drafting and design techniques as well as basic use of the AutoCAD software. Generally, the topics tested include:

• Layouts and printing
• Annotation
• Basic editing using tools such as trim, extend, fillet, chamfer, and more
• Basic object snaps and use of coordinates
• Basic drawing tools and layers

In addition to administering the exam, Certiport guides candidates on where they can obtain learning materials – it does not directly offer the resources. Instead, candidates can access resources from Autodesk-authorized learning partners as well as providers of self-paced training solutions. Suppose you have gone through all the learning materials and now wish to take the exam. How do you go about it?

Taking the Autodesk Certified User in AutoCAD Exam

The process is relatively straightforward and follows the steps below:

1. Create a test candidate profile
2. Find a test center
   Generally, the exam is administered online via Certiport’s exam delivery software called Compass. (The Compass software will launch AutoCAD, enabling portions of the test that require use of the software to take place within Compass’s program environment.) Still, you must take the exam in a test center, although you can take it from home if you satisfy certain conditions.
   If you live in North America, use Certiport’s locator tool to find an authorized test center near you. But if you cannot find a public testing center using the tool, you can take the exams from home using the Compass software accessed via the internet. Do note that if you go with this second option, you will have to part with proctor (exam administrator) fees, which may increase the overall cost of the exam. If you live outside of North America, contact a Certiport Solution provider near you.
3. On the day of the test, arrive at the test center early
4. Read the exam tutorial, which provides help on such aspects as understanding and navigating the Compass software, marking questions for review, and/or project-based elements
5. Identify the number of projects/tasks you are required to complete and calculate the average time required to complete each
6. Complete the exam-related tasks

Cost of the Autodesk Certified User in AutoCAD Exam

The Autodesk Certified User in AutoCAD exam costs $90.00. You can purchase the exam voucher through Certiport’s online store. You can also purchase practice tests; a single title goes for $40.00, while the whole practice test suite costs $75.00. If you wish to retake the exam, that will set you back a total of $108.00. The table below summarizes the cost of the ACU exam.

2. Autodesk Certified Professional in AutoCAD

The Autodesk Certified Professional (ACP) in AutoCAD is designed for users with advanced AutoCAD skills who can solve complex design challenges using the software. Such candidates are required to have between 400 and 1,200 hours of AutoCAD experience. This AutoCAD certification is valid for three years, after which retesting is required to renew the credential. Candidates qualify for this credential after completing and passing an exam. However, Autodesk does not divulge the exact passing score. 

About the Autodesk Certified Professional in AutoCAD Exam

The ACP exam is primarily administered online by Pearson VUE via its OnVUE online testing software. This means you can take the exam in the office or at home, provided your preferred space fulfills a few minimum requirements. The 120-minute Autodesk Certified Professional in AutoCAD certification exam has 45 to 60 questions and costs $200.00 (standard retail price). 

It is worth pointing out that while the topics covered are somewhat similar to what ACU candidates are tested on, at least on the surface, the ACP exam goes more in-depth. Generally, the exam tests candidates’ knowledge of the typical workflow and features of AutoCAD, including: 

• Managing drawings
• Reusing content
• Working with layouts and outputs
• Drawing, organizing, and editing objects
• Using tools such as multifunctional grips and the User Coordinate System to ensure accuracy

In addition, Autodesk offers free learning resources, complete with practice tests and exercises, to help you prepare for the exam. 

Taking the Autodesk Certified Professional in AutoCAD Exam

If you would like to take the exam, here is how to go about it. 

1. Schedule your exam by doing the following:
   1. Create a Pearson VUE account
      You must sign in through the Autodesk Certification Program website to access the Pearson VUE account. To do this, simply click the Get certified button on the website, which will direct you to the VUE account page.
      
      
      

      Get Started Button on Autodesk Certification Program Website

   2. Enter your candidate details
      The page automatically populates your first and last name by retrieving it from your Autodesk account. So, if you want to correct name issues, do so in your Autodesk account, then return to the form on the certification form. The information you must fill in includes your address, city, postal code, country, and contact phone. If you are a person with a disability and wish to request a test accommodation, you can do so on this page as well.
   3. Click the Submit Application button
      All communication, including your exam appointment, will be sent to your email address
2. Before the test day:
   1. Complete a system test and exam simulation. Download the OnVUE software on your computer and run the application. Pearson VUE also recommends rechecking your system before the exam begins
   2. Choose your testing space
   3. Get your personal identification documents ready and ensure they meet the requirements
3. On the test day:
   1. Recheck your system/computer and internet to ensure they pass the system test. Also, clear your workspace of prohibited items and ensure your ID is ready.
   2. Check-in up to 15 to 30 minutes before the appointed time. During the check-in, your proctor will ask you to take photos of your testing space, at which point they will give the go-ahead to continue with the test.
   3. Start the exam

Conclusion

An AutoCAD certification can help you propel your career forward. In addition to increasing your chances of getting hired, it can help you land a better-paying job. In fact, Autodesk offers both digital badges and personalized certificates, which act as a visual representation of your skills. If you only have entry-level AutoCAD skills, pursue the Autodesk Certified User in AutoCAD certification. On the other hand, if you have vast experience in AutoCAD ranging from 400 to 1,200 hours, pursue the Autodesk Certified Professional in AutoCAD credential.

The data extraction tool in AutoCAD simplifies whole processes, such as the creation of material schedules and bills of materials. This is because the data can be automatically extracted from the drawings and exported into third-party applications. This comes in handy for drawings with an inordinate number of blocks and geometric objects. In this complete guide to the AutoCAD data extraction feature, we will define what the feature is and how to use it. We will also discuss how to update and edit existing data extraction tables. Let’s get started. 

What is AutoCAD Data Extraction

Initiated using the DATAEXTRACTION command, which is abbreviated as DX, AutoCAD data extraction is a feature that extracts data from one or more drawings and fills it into a table. It can also be used to merge data from an external file, with the software filling this data into a table. In addition, depending on your chosen settings, this feature can export the data to an external .csv, .xls, .mdb, or .txt file. To put it simply, the AutoCAD data extraction feature exports drawing information, block attributes, and object properties to a data extraction table or external file. 

The AutoCAD data extraction feature offers the following benefits:

1. The feature saves time by simplifying the data collection process
2. It reduces costly errors borne from the manual data entry
3. AutoCAD data extraction automatically counts items that conform to specific criteria
4. It allows you to import data from external files and merge them into your drawing
5. The feature allows you to automatically change the contents of the data extraction table every time you change the design

Now, let us look at how you can initiate a new data extraction exercise in AutoCAD.

How to Create a New Data Extraction in AutoCAD

Step 1: Type the AutoCAD Data extraction command

Type DX or DATAEXTRACTION on the command line and press Enter. This command will open the Data Extraction wizard, consisting of eight windows. 

Step 2: Create a new data extraction

On Page 1 of the wizard, choose the Create a new data extraction option and click Next. Then, specify the location on your computer where you want the extracted data to be saved and the file’s name.

Figure 1: Data Extraction Wizard’s Begin Page

The file will have a .dxe extension. (This extension represents an AutoCAD file containing properties or elements that are extracted from existing drawings.) Upon clicking Save, AutoCAD will open Page 2 of the wizard.

Step 3: Define the source of the extracted data

On Page 2, you have two options: Drawings/Sheet Set and Select objects in the current drawing. The first option will extract data from all the objects in the drawing; always ensure you have checked the Include current drawing box. On the other hand, the second option will prompt AutoCAD to select data from the objects you will have chosen. The second page of the wizard also allows you to Add Drawings. This means you can use the AutoCAD data extraction feature to simultaneously extract data from more than one drawing. Moreover, if you want to add multiple drawings from the same folder, click the Add Folder option. 

Note that you can customize the data extraction process by clicking on the Settings option, which will open the Additional Settings dialog box below. However, we recommend that you leave these settings unchanged. 

Figure 2: Data Extraction Wizard’s Define Data Page

Click Next to continue to Page 3.

Step 4: Filter the objects from which you want to extract data

Page 3 of the wizard allows you to select the objects from which you want to extract data. You can do so by checking the Display all object types, Display objects currently in use only, or Display blocks with attributes only option. We will touch on the role of the Display blocks with attributes only below. For now, only tick the first two options. Do note that you can choose whether to display blocks or non-blocks. To do this, simply uncheck the Display all object types. This lets you check the Display blocks only or Display non-blocks only. 

You can also filter out objects whose data you do not wish to extract. To do this, simply locate the row containing the object within the table and uncheck its box. This box is located in the row’s first cell. 

Figure 3: Data Extraction Wizard’s Select Objects Page

Click Next to proceed to Page 4 of the wizard.

Step 5: Select Object Properties

On the Select Properties dialog box (Page 4 of the wizard), select the properties you want AutoCAD to consider while executing the data extraction. (Note that these properties are based on the objects selected in step 4.) To do this, check or uncheck the boxes in the first column corresponding to the property you want to include or disregard, respectively. Click Next.

Figure 4: Data Extraction Wizard’s Select Properties Page

If AutoCAD displays the Non-Uniformly Scaled Blocks window, simply click OK. 

Figure 5: Non-Uniformly Scaled Blocks Window in AutoCAD

Step 6: Refine the contents of the table

Page 5 of the wizard allows you to reorder the columns, sort the data based on your preferred criteria, filter results, link external data, and more. For instance, you can hide or rename columns. You can also preview the table by clicking the Full Preview button. 

Figure 6: Data Extraction Wizard’s Refine Data Page

Click Next if you are satisfied with the contents of the table.

Step 7: Choose the output option

On Page 6 of the wizard, choose whether to insert the data extraction table into the drawing, output the data to an external file, or both. If you elect to export the data to an external file, specify the filename and file extension (you can save the file as a .xls, .csv, .mdb, or .txt file). 

Figure 7: Data Extraction Wizard’s Choose Output Page

Click Next to continue.

Step 8: Specify or modify the table style

Page 7 of the wizard allows you to change the properties of the table. For instance, you can modify the text alignment, color, height, and style. You can also change the table’s fill color and the line weight of its borders. Additionally, you can enter a title for the table and set the title and header cell style. 

Figure 8: Data Extraction Wizard’s Table Style Page

If you are satisfied with the attributes of the table, click Next.

Step 9: Complete the data extraction process

Complete the extraction by clicking Finish on the wizard’s last page (Page 8). You must also specify the insertion point of the table. And as you will observe, the table is inserted as a tiny object in the drawing. Therefore, you must scale the table appropriately using the Scale button on the Modify ribbon panel within the Home ribbon tab. For more on how to scale objects, refer to our complete guide on scaling in AutoCAD.

How to Edit an Existing Data Extraction in AutoCAD

In addition to creating a new table from a data extraction exercise, AutoCAD allows you to edit an existing table. This means that you can modify the properties of the table, e.g., the table style and the columns to be displayed. For instance, you can edit a table such that it now shows columns that were previously hidden.

To edit an existing data extraction operation, follow some of the steps described above. However, instead of selecting the Create a new data extraction option as was described in step 2, choose the edit an existing data extraction option. (See figure 2 above.) Next, follow the subsequent steps as described above.

How to Update an Existing Data Extraction Table

AutoCAD also allows you to update an existing data extraction table without using the Data Extraction wizard. For instance, if you have updated the drawing by including new blocks or geometric objects, you can update the table to reflect these changes. To do this, follow the steps below:

1. Left-click on the existing data extraction table to highlight it
   Below is an image showing a highlighted data extraction table
   
   
   

   Figure 9: Example of a highlighted data extraction table

2. Next, right-click any section within the table, and on the menu that pops up, click on Update Table Data Links
   
   
   

   Figure 10: Menu showing Update Table Data Links option

3. AutoCAD will automatically update the table

How to Extract Block Attributes in AutoCAD 

Block attributes or attribute definitions refer to values such as product names, ratings, part numbers, or item costs that provide more information about a particular block. Examples of block attributes in CAD drawings include door and window labels, blocks that represent locations such as conference tables, office furniture, and so on, and title blocks. Generally, these block attributes can be extracted into a .csv file, which can then be imported into another program, or a table object that can be inserted into a drawing. In fact, you can use the extracted data to create bills of materials or material schedules. 

It is worth pointing out that there are two ways of extracting block attributes in AutoCAD: the ATTEXT or -ATTEXT command and the DATAEXTRACTION command. The ATTEXT command extracts attribute data and saves it as informational text, with the data separated by commas (as in comma-delimited files) or spaces (as in space-delimited files). This approach is cumbersome as you also have to create an attribute extraction template file. But given that this article focuses on extracting block attributes as table entries, we will concentrate on the DATAEXTRACTION command.

How to Extract Block Attributes using AutoCAD Data Extraction Command

To extract block attributes in AutoCAD, follow the steps below:

1. Type DATAEXTRACTION or DX and press enter
2. Create a new data extraction and click Next
3. Specify the source of the extracted data and click Next
4. Uncheck the Display all object types option and select the Display blocks only option. Also, ensure you select the Display blocks with attributes only box. Then click Next.
5. On the Category filter section of Page 4 of the Data Extraction wizard, check only the Attribute box, leaving all the other filters unchecked. Finally, click Next 
6. On the Refine Data page, Refine the table by reordering, renaming, or hiding the columns and click Next to continue.
7. Check the Insert data extraction table into drawing option if you want to prompt AutoCAD to insert the drawing into your existing table. If you want to eventually import the table into another application, ensure you have checked the Output data to external file option. Finally, click Next.
8. Modify the appearance and style of the table on the Table Style page and click Next
9. Click Finish to complete the data extraction
10. Specify the insertion point, at which point AutoCAD will insert the table
11. Scale the table accordingly

Conclusion

The AutoCAD data extraction feature is a powerful tool that helps you save time and increases productivity, while also enabling you to avoid costly human errors that may arise from manually extracting data from complex drawings. In this complete guide to the AutoCAD data extraction feature, we have explored how to use the DATAEXTRACTION or DX command to initiate a new data collection exercise. We have also discussed how to update and edit existing data extraction tables.

Symptoms of Slow AutoCAD Performance

Every new release of AutoCAD comes with its own system requirements. If you compare the requirements for the different versions released over the long AutoCAD history, you will observe that the latest software releases demand more powerful computers than their predecessors. So, if you are running a new version on old hardware, you will likely notice slow performance. 

At the same time, computer hardware is prone to wear and tear, contributing to slow performance as components such as the memory or storage fail or inch closer to failure. Therefore, even if you have not updated your AutoCAD software, you might still notice a slump in performance. 

Often, this slow AutoCAD performance manifests itself in a number of ways. Here are the top 11 indicators of performance issues:

1. AutoCAD takes too long to open
2. The movement of the cursor is slow, hesitates, hangs/stops, or skips
   You are likely to notice this symptom because the cursor’s movement does not correspond to the speed at which you are physically moving the mouse.
3. AutoCAD runs slow when switching between layouts or creating new viewports
4. The software freezes or pauses at irregular intervals
5. AutoCAD lags when selecting objects
6. It takes a lot of time to open drawing files
7. The AutoCAD program takes a long time to regenerate files
   This symptom is often exhibited as you navigate from one section of the drawing to another using tools such as pan and zoom.
8. The dialog boxes or pop-up windows open extremely slowly and even freeze
9. AutoCAD commands are slow to run or hang during or after execution
   For instance, drawing a line or a circle may be slow. It may delay when you use the point command to create an AutoCAD point or when you want to create and edit custom hatch patterns
10. The hardware acceleration feature, when turned on, degrades performance instead of improving it
11. General software performance degradation over time

Causes of Slow Performance in AutoCAD

Is AutoCAD lagging after every command, when moving objects, or drawing lines? The reasons behind this sluggishness are varied. In fact, the slow or degraded performance can be a result of a single cause or a combination of multiple reasons and factors. Generally, however, and as stated above, the degraded or poor performance of AutoCAD products is rooted in hardware, file, or network issues. 

Hardware-Related Causes of Slow AutoCAD Performance

The top 7 hardware-related causes of poor performance when AutoCAD is in use include:

1. Hardware that does not meet Autodesk’s system requirements for the version of AutoCAD being used
2. Outdated CPU and GPU drivers
3. Uncertified GPU
   GPU card vendors or product teams usually test whether their GPUs support the product features of a given version of AutoCAD, with Autodesk’s product teams certifying the results. Upon verification, the card is considered certified. An uncertified GPU, therefore, is one that has not been tested and might not support AutoCAD product features, leading to slow performance.
4. 100% disk usage in the Windows Task Manager
   
   
   

   Windows Task Manager

5. Issues related to docking stations
6. Poor cooling, leading to overheating
   Overheating often causes the CPU to throttle as it works to automatically reduce the operating frequency in order to cool down. This causes slow performance.
7. Chaining monitors together via USB instead of HDMI or DisplayPort
   USB does not have enough bandwidth to successfully transfer video. This leads to slow performance as the monitors struggle to render the video signals sent via USB.

File-Related Causes of Slow AutoCAD Performance

The top 5 file-related factors that cause AutoCAD to run slowly include:

1. A corrupted file
2. A very large drawing file
3. A file with unresolved or missing AutoCAD external references
   Certain elements in AutoCAD designs are often used repeatedly in different files and drawings. For this reason, they can be drawn every time you create a design that features such elements, or you can outsource them from another AutoCAD file. The AutoCAD reference feature exists for the latter reason. It allows you to create a file containing the commonly used elements. Thereafter, this file can be used as a reference in multiple other files. This feature helps reduce the file size. It also keeps all files up to date with the changes, particularly because a modification to the referenced file automatically reflects on all the files/designs that have referred to it. However, when AutoCAD cannot find or load some or all the referenced files due to various reasons, it can impact the software’s performance.
4. A file containing many unnecessary named objects
5. Files in which the number of coordinates exceeds 100,000 data points

Network-Related Causes of Slow AutoCAD Performance

Here are the top 4 network-related factors that contributed to poor performance in AutoCAD;

1. Slow internet connection
2. Disconnected or unresolved network drive
3. A network file that cannot be found or opened
4. The file is stored in an unsupported network location 

How to Make AutoCAD Run Faster

General Troubleshooting

Before embarking on any troubleshooting or problem resolution exercises, you must check whether your computer hardware and operating system satisfy AutoCAD’s system requirements. As stated, Autodesk usually provides a list of version-specific minimum and recommended requirements that, having been tested by the product teams, are deemed perfect for running a particular version of the software. 

If your computer satisfies the requirements, you should check whether Autodesk has released updates for the version of AutoCAD in use. And if you come across these updates, install them either by using your Autodesk account or your Autodesk Desktop App (only available on Windows). These updates may contain patches that are geared towards improving performance.

However, if your computer does not satisfy the minimum requirements, consider upgrading the hardware. This calls for in-depth research on the best hardware for computer-aided design. At Scan2CAD, we understand the research can take a bit of time. This is why we have undertaken that bit for you and come up with lists of the best workstations for CAD, the best mouses for CAD, the best CAD monitors, and the best keyboards for CAD. 

AutoCAD Troubleshooting Guide

If the poor performance persists yet your hardware conforms with Autodesk’s system requirements for AutoCAD and AutoCAD software is up to date, then it is time to consider other interventions. At this stage, to improve the performance of your AutoCAD software, you must undertake systematic troubleshooting. This follows a step-by-step process detailed below:

1. First, you must establish whether the issue occurs with specific drawing files. If it does, undertake file troubleshooting as detailed below. In some cases, you might also have to undertake hardware and system-related troubleshooting (also discussed below). 
2. Determine whether the problem exists is agnostic to all files, i.e., it occurs with any and every drawing file. The recourse depends on whether the files are stored locally on your computer, in which case you should commence the hardware and system troubleshooting. However, if the files are located on a network server, start with network-based problem resolution.
3. Ensure you test AutoCAD every time you attempt a solution in each of the three main troubleshooting categories.

File Troubleshooting

Here are the various ways you can undertake file-based troubleshooting:

1. Repair the corrupted drawing file drawing and remove objects
   To do this, use the AUDIT command to audit and fix errors. Additionally, use the PURGE command to remove unnecessary and unreferenced objects in the file. You can also use the PURGE command to remove Registered Applications
2. Clear the AutoCAD graphics cache using the CACHEMAXFILES system variable
   This action resolves performance issues that are associated with drawings that contain complex geometry
3. Turn off visual styles such as silhouette edges (using the DISPSILH system variable), which can slow down performance
4. Use the BLOCKMRULIST system variable to control the number of most recently used blocks displayed in the recent tab of the blocks palette
   This performance issue is mainly seen in AutoCAD 2020 or later

Hardware and System Troubleshooting

As stated above, refer to this troubleshooting category if you experience poor performance when dealing with any drawing file. We have grouped the solutions into the following four subcategories: those related to the operating system and AutoCAD application, desktop computers, laptop computers, and remote systems.

Operating System and AutoCAD Application Troubleshooting

1. Delete temporary files. To do this:
   1. Close all programs.
   2. Press Windows+R on the keyboard, which opens the Run window. 
   3. Type %TMP% and then press enter; this opens the Temp folder containing temporary files. 
   4. Finally, delete all the files in this folder.
2. Test the drawings using another software or disable any file management software to determine if any of this is slowing down AutoCAD
3. Disable offline files by following the steps described here
   This process enables you to exclude specific folders from caching locally, which reduces the Offline Files’ cache size and the time taken to sync such files with the version stored online.
4. Deactivate or uninstall antivirus software and other bloatware that is installed together with the operating system or third-party software
5. Uninstall any third-party software, plug-ins, or add-ins installed into AutoCAD
   If you observe a performance improvement, restore these applications one at a time, testing the software with each add-in to identify the problematic element.
6. Reset AutoCAD to default
7. Perform a clean uninstall of AutoCAD and subsequently reinstall it AutoCAD
8. Disable startup apps
   These are apps that automatically start when you boot up your computer and continue running in the background, hogging resources such as RAM, CPU, and GPU.
9. Turn off the Show Tooltips option on the Display tab in the Options dialog box
   
   
   

   Options Dialog Box in AutoCAD

10. Resolve 100% disk usage by doing one or several of these options:
    1. Update Windows
    2. Restarting your computer
    3. Deactivate Windows search
    4. Undertake a malware or virus scan 
    5. Stop the Windows Superfetch service, which preloads frequently accessed or used applications.
    6. Reset virtual memory in Windows 10 or later
    7. Temporarily deactivate your antivirus or antimalware software
    8. Run a disc check, which shows if the hard drive has any physical problems

Desktop Computer Troubleshooting

1. Configure AutoCAD to use high-performance GPU if you are using a dual graphics system, such as a CPU with integrated graphics alongside an AMD or NVIDIA GPU
2. Update the GPU driver
3. Update the CPU driver
4. Activate or deactivate hardware acceleration using the GRAPHICSCONFIG command
   The command opens the Graphics Performance dialog box shown below, which allows you to turn the hardware acceleration on and off, toggle Advanced Material Effect, Full Shadow Display, Uncompressed Textures, Per-Pixel Lighting, High-Quality Geometry, and Smooth Display on and off. Autodesk recommends you turn off High-Quality Geometry and Smooth Display

Graphics Performance Dialog Box in AutoCAD

Laptop Computer Troubleshooting

1. If you have connected your laptop to one or more external monitors, attempt the following solutions:
   1. Remove extra monitors if you are using a USB cable instead of HDMI or DisplayPort
   2. Switch to using only the laptop screen
   3. Set the external screen as the primary monitor
   4. Ensure your laptop’s graphics card supports multi-screen setups
2. If you are using docking stations, disconnect the laptop from the docking stations and run a test to check the performance of AutoCAD

Remote System Troubleshooting

If you are connected to a remote system, do the following:

1. Ensure that a monitor is connected to the machine that is receiving data from the remote system
2. Make sure that the graphic settings of the remote system are not in conflict with the settings on your local machine

Network Troubleshooting

If you are working in a networked environment, you can check the cause of the performance issues by undertaking the following:

1. Check the performance and stability of the network
2. Use a wired connection instead of relying on WiFi (if possible)
3. Copy or move all files from the server to the local drive
4. Disable syncing of files and folders that are already on the local drive
5. Temporarily disconnect from all networks
6. Disconnect unresolved network drives
7. Check if all network paths to unresolved external references are valid and that you have permission to access them
8. Ascertain the existence of external files in the saved path and that you have permission to access them

How to Use AutoCAD Performance Feedback Tool

If the slow AutoCAD performance persists even after performing each of the solutions detailed above, you should consider seeking help from Autodesk. In fact, the developer has a dedicated solution known as the Performance Feedback tool that enables you to do just that. You can use this tool to record and send a log file as well as detailed system information to Autodesk’s software engineers working under the AutoCAD performance team. 

However, note that this solution is designed to work with performance problems you can recreate. It does not automatically monitor your system unless launched. As such, if you previously encountered an issue you cannot presently recreate, perhaps because you have no idea what conditions precipitated its occurrence, you may not find the AutoCAD Performance Feedback tool useful. 

Additionally, the tool is not installed by default, but you can install it via the custom installation route. You must also be logged in to your Autodesk account to submit the logs. Another vital point to note is that this tool only runs on Windows.

If you have satisfied these conditions, you can launch the Performance Feedback tool by typing PMTOGGLE or PMSTART on AutoCAD and pressing Enter. Once launched, follow the instructions on the screen to start recording the product performance issues. To finish recording, simply type PMTOGGLE or PMSTOP.

Tips on How to Avoid Issues with AutoCAD Performance in the Future

The measures above are reactionary, meaning they are attempted after AutoCAD has already started running slow. However, you can prevent performance issues by implementing a few tips:

1.  Limit the number of objects or data points to less than 100,000
2. Move the objects closer to the origin
   If you cannot locate the origin, type UCSICON on the command line to activate the origin of the drawing. You can then use this point as a reference to determine how far the data or objects are from the origin.
3. Ensure your AutoCAD software, operating system, and drivers are constantly up to date
4. Uninstall unnecessary software, known as bloatware

It is worth noting that some of the solutions highlighted above can also act as preventative tips that, when implemented early on, can help avoid performance problems in AutoCAD.

Conclusion

Does your AutoCAD lag when selecting, moving, or drawing objects? Does the software freeze intermittently during the execution of a command or random movement of the cursor? These are indicators of slow AutoCAD software. This slow performance can result from issues related to hardware and system, file, and network. In this article, we have tackled how you can resolve each of these issues. In the event that the outlined solutions are unsuccessful, you can also use the AutoCAD Performance Feedback tool. Designed to record logs and detailed system information, the tool allows AutoCAD engineers to solve performance problems.

What is AutoCAD Point?

Abbreviated as PO, POINT is a command that enables you to create multiple markers (also known as point objects) that you can use as a reference. This command makes it easier to snap objects to a precise point in an otherwise blank area. As we have extensively explained in our guide to the AutoCAD object snap feature, you can only snap to particular points in existing geometric objects such as lines, arcs, circles, and so on. Thus, by creating a marker in an otherwise blank space, the AutoCAD POINT command establishes a reference point to which you can snap objects as you commence the drawing process.

How to Create Points in AutoCAD

To create a point in AutoCAD, follow these steps:

1. Type POINT or PO and hit Enter
   You can type this command arbitrarily, as AutoCAD automatically creates a text box next to the cursor that you can then reference as you type. Alternatively, you can type the command in the Command Line. Regardless of the approach you take, the effect will be the same.
   Alternatively, you can click the Home ribbon tab > the drop-down arrow in the Draw panel > Multiple Points button.
2. Specify a point
   You can specify a point by left-clicking on a particular area within the model space. However, this is less accurate, especially if you want to position the drawing relative to AutoCAD’s coordinate system. Therefore, we recommend defining the location based on the coordinates for increased accuracy and precise positioning. For instance, if you want to point to be located at a distance of 200mm from both the x and y-axis, simply type 200 (to represent the location on the x-axis) > press Enter > type 200 (to represent the location on the y-axis) > press Enter > type 0 to represent the location on the z-axis (this defines the elevation of the point) > press Enter. AutoCAD will automatically create this point.

You will notice that you can use the Osnaps tool to snap an object to this point, provided this tool is turned on. By default, the newly created AutoCAD point is selectable. This means that you can easily delete it should the need arise. However, you will also observe that the point is displayed as a tiny point. Its small size makes the point easy to miss, especially if you zoom out. You might even struggle to locate it once you start zooming in. Fortunately, AutoCAD allows you to change both the shape and size of the point.

How to Change the Point Type in AutoCAD?

Also known as the point style, the point type refers to the shape of the marker that denotes the location of the point. There are three ways to change the point style or point type in AutoCAD:

How to Change the Point Type using the PDMODE System Variable Command

PDMODE Values in AutoCAD (source)

The PDMODE is used to control how AutoCAD displays the point objects. It is based on a number system, whereby each number denotes a specific shape that is drawn around or through a point. For instance, 0 specifies that a point is displayed, while 1 instructs AutoCAD not to display any shape around a point. Similarly, a value of 2 displays the + sign, whereas a value of 3 will display the x sign. 

However, for the PDMODE command to work, you must ensure that you input a valid value that the system recognizes. For instance, 31 or 37 return an invalid response, while 32 and 36 change the shape of the point. This is because the system recognizes the latter group of numbers, but not the former. Beside is a list of the values you can use and the shape they represent.

To use the PDMODE command, follow the steps below:

1. Create an AutoCAD point (refer to the procedure in the section above)
2. Type PDMODE and press enter
3. Type one of the values shown in the image above and press enter

How to Change the Point Type using the PTYPE Command

AutoCAD also allows you to change the point style using a graphical-based approach. To do this, follow the procedure below:

1. Type  PTYPE and hit Enter or click on the Home ribbon tab > the Utilities ribbon panel > Point Style option
   This opens the AutoCAD Point Style dialog box
   
   
   

   Point Style Dialog Box in AutoCAD

2. Select your desired shape from the list.

How to Change the Point Style by Using Custom Blocks

You can also change the point style by manually creating custom shapes and blocks. Unfortunately, AutoCAD does not allow you to create custom point styles and then add them to its database of styles, similar to how you can create and add custom Hatch patterns in AutoCAD. So, when it comes to AutoCAD points, you must manually move the custom block to the location of the point. Here is how to do this:

1.  Create an AutoCAD point using the PO command
2. Create a block by following these steps: 
   1. Create the shape you want to use as a point style
   2. On the Home ribbon tab, click on the Block ribbon panel and select the Create option
   3. On the Block Definition dialog box that pops up, enter the name of the block and select the objects you want AutoCAD to convert to a block
      
      
      

      Block Definition Dialog Box in AutoCAD

   4. Click OK.
3. Insert the block into your drawing/model space
4. Click on the Move command in the Modify ribbon panel of the Home tab
5. When prompted to select objects, click on the block you have inserted in step 3 above and press Enter
6. Specify the base point
   Ensure you have toggled on the AutoCAD Object Snap feature for the best possible results. Additionally, ensure you have checked either the Center or Midpoint options in the Object Snap Settings. This ensures accuracy when selecting the base point, especially because you should select the center or midpoint of the shape or line as your base point. 
7. Choose the AutoCAD point as the second point
   Again, the Osnap feature is handy in ensuring you select the exact location. The block will snap into place and will now act as a new marker for the point.

How to Change Point Size in AutoCAD

The AutoCAD Point Style dialog box also allows you to change the size of the points. Simply follow the procedure below:

1. Type PTYPE and hit Enter
   This command opens the AutoCAD Point Style dialog box
2. Set the point size by typing into the number box within the dialog box
3. Specify whether you want to Set size relative to screen or Set size in absolute units by checking one of the two options
   If you set the size relative to the screen, the point size will increase as you zoom out and decrease as you zoom in. (In case the size does not change automatically, use the REGEN command to update the parameter and attribute text size.) On the other hand, if you set the point size in absolute units, the size will remain unchanged regardless of whether you have zoomed in or out. Instead, it will be based on the size set in step 2 above.

How to Measure the Coordinates of a Point in AutoCAD?

Say you have received an AutoCAD drawing from your colleague. Upon scrutiny, you discover that the drawing has multiple points you are supposed to use as references but are not labeled to notify you of their distance from the origin. Instead of seeking clarification from your colleague on these measurements, you can use the AutoCAD ID point feature. Here are the steps to follow:

1. Click on the Home ribbon tab > Utilities ribbon panel > ID Point option
2. Specify a point by clicking on one of the points whose coordinates you want to measure
   AutoCAD temporarily displays the coordinates, representing the distance from both the origin along the x and y axes.

Conclusion

This article covers everything there is to know about AutoCAD points, from how to create a point to how to change the point style and size. Additionally, we have detailed how you can create custom point styles using the block creation process. Finally, we have detailed how you can use the ID Point tool to measure the coordinates of an AutoCAD point. We, therefore, hope you have gained knowledge that will help you in your design journey using the popular AutoCAD software.

The diecast model scale helps the manufacturer create an accurate and somewhat exact replica of the life-size vehicle. And it introduces us to the concept of scaling and what it is meant to achieve, especially in computer-aided design, which has changed product design. Scaling a drawing is central to generating paper-based designs for presentation to a client. The drawing should be large enough to fit all the different sections of a part, house, or road section, for example, such that all the details are visible without much hassle. Still, it should not be so massive that it cannot fit in a particular paper size. Thus, a lot of thinking goes into the choice of the scale. 

Perhaps you are venturing into an AutoCAD career in engineering, product design, drafting, interior design, industrial design, or architecture but do not know how to use the AutoCAD scale function, or you just have a rough idea of scaling in AutoCAD. In that case, this guide is designed for you. We will discuss the SCALE command, how to scale by factor, plot scaling, and how to scale text and dimensions, just to mention a few. Let’s get started.

What is the AutoCAD SCALE Command?

The SCALE command in AutoCAD allows you to proportionally enlarge or shrink the size of an object. It achieves this by prompting you to enter a scale factor. A scale factor that is greater than 1 will enlarge the object. On the other hand, a scale factor between 0 and 1 reduces the object’s size. 

How to Scale by Factor in AutoCAD?

To use the AutoCAD SCALE command to scale a drawing by a particular factor, follow the procedure below:

1. Type the word SCALE on the command line in AutoCAD and press Enter.
2. Specify the object you want to shrink or enlarge by clicking (left-clicking) on that particular object
3. Set the base point
   A base point acts as a reference point from which the object is enlarged outward or shrunk inward. It is worth noting that you can use the AutoCAD Osnap feature to increase your accuracy when selecting a base point. In particular, you can utilize it if you wish to use a midpoint, endpoint, or a circle’s center or quadrant as the base point. For more on this feature, check out the complete guide to AutoCAD object snap feature.
4. Input the scale factor
   Again, remember that a figure between 0 and 1 shrinks the object, while any scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. 
5. Press Enter to complete the scaling.

How to Scale Drawings in AutoCAD?

AutoCAD normally allows you to create drawings in a somewhat unlimited workspace known as model space. Here, the default AutoCAD scale is set as 1:1, meaning 1 paper unit equals 1 drawing unit. Even so, you can change this default scale using the Annotation scale of the current view button on the status bar. To scale drawing based on a custom scale, do the following:

1. Click the Annotation scale of the current view button, which displays a pop-up menu containing various AutoCAD scale options
   You can select one of the various options, but if what you are looking for isn’t among the list, you can create a custom scale by proceeding to step 2.
2. Click the Custom option on the pop-up menu, which opens the Edit Drawing Scales dialog box
   
   
   

   Edit Drawing Scales Dialog Box in AutoCAD

3. To add a new scale, press the Add button > Enter the new scale’s name, which will appear on the scale list > define the scale properties > click OK
4. Click OK to apply the changes and close the Edit Drawing Scales dialog box
5. To choose the scale added in steps 3 and 4, refer to step 1

How to Scale Images and PDFs with Reference in AutoCAD?

AutoCAD allows you to insert an image or import a PDF directly into the model space, even when these files are raster-based. Ordinarily, this CAD software creates vector drawings that are based on mathematical formulae that define the geometric object. In contrast, raster files are made up of pixels and lose quality whenever you zoom into the image. However, while you can import raster files into AutoCAD, you cannot work on them as they are meant to act as a reference based on which you can create a vector drawing.

Sometimes, however, the dimensions of the raster reference file may be too small or too large relative to the size of existing geometric objects in your drawing. This calls for resizing the image or PDF using one of the AutoCAD scale commands called ALIGN. Follow the procedure below to scale with reference:

1. Insert your image or PDF into the AutoCAD model space using the Attach button on the Reference ribbon panel in the Insert ribbon tab
2. Draw a reference line whose length is equal to one of the known dimensions in the attached drawing
   For instance, if there is a dimension in the image or PDF that is 5,000 millimeters long, draw a reference line that measures 5,000 millimeters in AutoCAD
3. Next, type AL or ALIGN and press enter
4. Select the object you want to align to the reference line and press Enter
   In this case, your object is the attached image or PDF
5. Specify the first source point
   The first source point is the first endpoint of the known dimension in the image or PDF
6. Specify the first destination point
   The first destination point is the first endpoint on the reference line you have drawn in step 2
7. Specify the second source point
   The second source point is the second endpoint of the known dimension in the image or PDF
8. Specify the second destination point and press enter
   The second destination point is the first endpoint on the reference line you have drawn in step 2
9. Choose the Yes option when AutoCAD asks whether you want to scale objects based on alignment objects
   The software will automatically scale the image or PDF accordingly such that the length of the known dimension will now equal the length of the reference line. This means the image or PDF will acquire a scale of 1:1.

How to Scale Blocks in AutoCAD?

When creating/defining a block, AutoCAD prompts you to choose whether or not to allow it to scale the block uniformly. In cases where the Scale uniformly option is not checked, you have to specify the scale of the X, Y, and Z axis when inserting a block. To do this, follow the procedure below:

1. Type INSERT on the command line or on the text box that accompanies the cursor and press enter
2. The Insert pop-up window/dialog box pops up, allowing you to choose the block you wish to insert into the drawing
   
   
   

   Insert Dialog Box in AutoCAD

3. Specify the scale along the X, Y, and Z axes by inputting a number of your choice in the three boxes
4. Click on OK and specify the insertion point within the model space.

How to Scale Hatches in AutoCAD?

Hatch patterns can sometimes be so densely packed within an object that they appear as solid hatch. Fortunately, AutoCAD allows you to change the scale of the hatches, thus enabling the patterns to pop out and become visible without much strain. To scale hatches, follow the steps below:

1. Create a hatch pattern within an enclosed space
   This step will open the Hatch Creation contextual ribbon
   
   
   

   Hatch Creation Ribbon Tab in AutoCAD

2. Under the Properties ribbon panel, locate the Hatch Pattern Scale option
   The Hatch Pattern Scale functionality expands or contracts a predefined or custom hatch pattern by allowing you to input numbers into the box.
3. Enter different numbers within the Hatch Pattern Scale box to expand or contract the patterns
   Do note that the higher the number is, the more spaced out and larger the hatch patterns appear.
4. Close the hatch creation ribbon tab when you are finally satisfied with the size of the hatch patterns

How to Scale Text and Dimensions in AutoCAD?

To scale a text and dimensions in AutoCAD, follow the procedure below:

1. Click the Annotate ribbon tab
2. Next, click the dialog box launcher (denoted by an arrow pointing to the bottom right part of the screen) on the Dimensions ribbon panel
   This opens the Dimension Style Manager dialog box
   
   
   

   Dimension Style Manager

3. Click on the Modify option, which opens the Modify Dimension Style pop-up window
4. To change the size of the arrowheads, click on the Symbols and Arrows tab and input the desired size in the Arrow size box
5. To scale the text, click on the Text tab > the ellipsis next to the Text style option
   This will open the Text Style dialog box. Next, set the Paper Text Height, which defines the size and scale of the text. Finally, click Apply > Close.
   
   
   

   Text Style Dialog Box in AutoCAD

6. Click on OK to close the Modify Dimension Style pop-up window > Close to shut down the Dimension Style Manager dialog box
   AutoCAD will save the changes to local temporary files and use the new scale every time you create a new text or dimension.

How to Scale Annotative Objects in AutoCAD?

Annotative objects refer to annotation objects that are scaled automatically and thus have the same size regardless of the plotting scale or size of the drawing itself. For this to happen, however, you must first make the object annotative. Do note that an annotation object refers to any object or symbol that adds information to your drawing. Examples of annotation objects include notes (text), dimensions, hatches, multileaders, blocks, and geometric tolerances. 

Also, note that an annotation object can be non-annotative, meaning it requires a fixed scale or size that is arrived at based on the plot scale of the drawing. The image below shows what happens to non-annotative objects (the dimension and hatches in black) and annotative objects (in green) when you change the drawing’s scale.

Effect of Changing Scales on Annotative and Non-Annotative Objects (source)

To scale annotative objects in AutoCAD, simply follow the procedure below:

1. Place your cursor above the annotation object and press the right mouse button (right-click)
2. On the menu that pops up, click on Properties
3. Under the Misc section of the Properties contextual menu, set the annotative property to Yes
   With this property set, AutoCAD will automatically maintain the same size of the annotation object regardless of the scale of the drawing.
   
   
   

   Properties Contextual Menu in AutoCAD

4. Alternatively, if you want to set a hatch pattern as an annotative object, left-click the hatch and select Annotativeon the Options ribbon panel under the contextual Hatch Editor ribbon tab. The ribbon panels in this ribbon tab are similar to those found in the Hatch Creation ribbon tab (refer to the How to Scale Hatches in AutoCAD above).

How to Scale Viewports in AutoCAD?

A viewport in AutoCAD is a partition of the display graphics area that shows different scaled sections or views of the same 2D drawing or 3D model. This feature allows you to have dedicated partitions that show specific sections of the drawing, either zoomed in or out. It, therefore, reduces the time – or even eliminates it outright – you would have taken to zoom into each of those particular sections.

As stated earlier, AutoCAD allows you to create a drawing in the model space. However, if you want to plot or print the drawing, you have to use the paper space. Indeed, both the AutoCAD model and paper space have viewports. However, all viewports in the model space have a scale of 1:1, regardless of the level of magnification. And if you modify a scale in one of the viewport’s, this change will be replicated on the other viewports. Thus, you scale the objects in the model space similarly to how you would a typical AutoCAD drawing (as described above). 

In contrast, the AutoCAD scale in the paper space differs from one viewport to another, and it depends on the level of magnification. Given that these viewports show the various sections at different levels of magnification, it goes without saying that they each have their own individual scales. Do note that this only applies in paper space. So, how do you scale viewports in paper space when using AutoCAD? The process is simple as it includes the following steps:

1. Click on the viewport in the paper space whose scale you want to change
2. On the status bar, the Scale of the selected viewport button in the paper space to choose the appropriate scale
   Alternatively, you can zoom in or out, and the scale will be automatically recalibrated to match the level of magnification
3. Lock the viewport scale by clicking the Padlock button in the paper space
   Doing this ensures that the scale does not change whenever you zoom into or out of the drawing.

What is Plot Scaling and How to Use It?

The plot scale in AutoCAD describes the relationship between the paper size and the size of the model. This means that the AutoCAD scale associated with an A4-sized paper will be much smaller than that associated with an A1-sized paper, for example. To plot a drawing to scale:

1.  Define the paper size
   You can do this within the Page Setup dialog box. 
   
   
   

   Page Setup Dialog Box in AutoCAD

2. Set the scale under the Plot scale section of the window.
3. Click OK

Conclusion

You can use the AutoCAD scale functionality in many different ways as an engineer, product designer, drafter, or architect. At its core, it enables you to represent life-size models and objects in miniaturized plans. The software also allows you to plot at scale. There’s so much you can do using this feature, and we hope you are more informed on scaling in AutoCAD. 

What is AutoCAD Object Snap?

Object snap, which can be shortened to Osnap, is a feature that enables you to easily find and set the exact/precise locations of points on geometric objects in AutoCAD. Introduced by Autodesk back in 1984 with the rollout of AutoCAD Version 2.0 or Release 5, which allows snapping to reference points of existing objects. These points, which are denoted by a green marker, could be anything from the midpoint and endpoint of a line to the center of a circle and quadrant or tangent of an ellipse or circle. 

The green marker, you will observe, is shaped in the form of a triangle, circle, or square, with the shape varying based on the snap it is marking. For instance, a square indicates the endpoint of a line, the circle shows the center of a circle, and the triangle specifies the midpoint of a line. The marker, which is part of a set of tools known as AutoSnap, visually confirms that AutoCAD Osnap is in effect. In all, the AutoSnap tools include:

• Marker: It visually displays the location of the object snap when the cursor hovers over or near that point
• Tooltip: It shows the name of the object snap, i.e., whether it is a midpoint, endpoint, center, quadrant, and so on
• Magnet: It attracts and claps the cursor onto the nearest AutoCAD osnap location
• Aperture box: It surrounds the crosshairs (a crosshair is the cursor in AutoCAD denoted by two intersecting lines, in what resembles a plus sign) and defines the area within which osnaps are evaluated.

AutoCAD Object Snap Modes

As stated above, the Osnap feature snaps to various reference points. These points are also referred to as object snap modes. Below is a list of the various modes/points you can use:

a)    Midpoint

It snaps to the midpoint of a geometric object such as a line, xline, polyline segment, arc, ellipse, spline, or edge of a 3D object.

Midpoint Osnap

b)    Endpoint

It snaps to the closest corner or endpoint of an object, such as a polyline segment, spline, line, arc, or 3D object.

Endpoint Osnap

c)     Center

It snaps to the center of a circle, arc, ellipse, or elliptical arc.

Center Osnap

d)    Geometric Center 

It snaps to the geometric center of a polyline or 2D spline.

Geometric Center Osnap

e)     Quadrant

It snaps to the quadrant of a circle, arc, ellipse, or elliptical arc. 

Quadrant Osnap

f)     Tangent

The tangent osnap mode snaps to the tangent of a circle, arc, ellipse, elliptical arc, or spline. 

Tangent Osnap

g)    Perpendicular

It snaps to a point that is perpendicular to an object, such as a line, multiline, polyline, spline, xline, 3D solid, circle, ellipse, arc, elliptical arc, ray, or region.

Perpendicular Osnap

h)    Parallel

The parallel snap mode forces a line segment, polyline segment, ray, or xline to be parallel to another linear object in the drawing.

Parallel Osnap Marker

i)      Intersection

It snaps to the intersection of objects such as lines, polylines, xlines, splines, arcs, circles, and ellipses.

Intersection Osnap

j)      Apparent Intersect

It snaps to the visual intersection of two objects that do not intersect in a 3D space but may appear to intersect in the current view.

k)    Extension

It enables a temporary extension arc or line to appear when you hover the cursor over the endpoints of the objects. This allows you to specify points on the extended line or arc.

Extension Osnap

l)      Node

The node object snap mode snaps to a point object, dimension text origin, or dimension definition point.

Node Osnap

m)   Insertion

The insertion snap mode snaps to the insertion point of objects such as blocks, texts, or attributes.

Insertion Osnap

n)    Nearest

It snaps to the nearest point on an object, such as a line, spline, xline, polyline, arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, point, or ray.

Nearest Osnap

What is Object Snap Tracking in AutoCAD?

When turned on, the AutoCAD object snap tracking tracks the cursor along vertical (90º) and horizontal (180º) alignments as well as alignments that form an angle of 30º, 60º, 120º, or 150º from a horizontal reference line that crosses the object snap point. This tool, therefore, makes it easy to create objects that conform to specific angular parameters; the alternative entails fiddling with the mouse until you arrive at a certain angle.

To turn the object snap tracking on and off, simply press the F11 function key or click the Object Snap Tracking – AUTOSNAP button on the status bar.

AutoCAD Object Snap Tracking – AUTOSNAP Button

How to Use AutoCAD Osnap Feature

To enjoy the convenience that comes with this feature, you must turn on the option in AutoCAD. Do note that you can choose to have Osnap activated throughout the period you will be using AutoCAD. In such a case, you will be using what is known as the Running Object Snap. If you do not wish to have the feature running, you can turn off the Running Object Snap and instead activate the tool as and when you need to use it. In this section, we will detail how to activate either of these two options. We shall also detail how to cycle through various object snap modes.

How to Turn on and off Object Snap in AutoCAD as and when Needed

To turn on (and off) the AutoCAD object snap tool as and when needed, follow the procedure below:

1. Click on the icon of the drawing tool, i.e., a line, circle, arc, and so on, to initiate the process of creating the geometric object
2. When prompted to Specify first point, hold down the Shift key and right-click any area within the model space.
3. Choose the object snap mode you intend to use from the object snap menu that pops up
4. Hover your cursor over the desired location of the object snap
   AutoCAD will automatically display a marker and tooltip, indicating the exact location of the Osnap point. The software will also lock the cursor onto this location.
5. Hit the right mouse button to set the location as the first point and subsequently create the geometric object

This approach requires you to activate the AutoCAD object snap every time you want to use the feature. This is because whenever you use steps 2 to 4 above to create an object snap upon receiving the prompt, the Osnap stays active until you specify that point. To put it simply, it is deactivated once you complete step 5. Thus, if you want the AutoCAD object snap feature to be available continuously, you have to activate the Running Object Snap option.

How to Turn on and off Running Object Snap Option in AutoCAD

If you want to draw a line from the midpoint of a rectangle to the center of a tiny circle located within the rectangle, the AutoCAD running object snap feature makes everything a breeze. This is because it eliminates the need to use the Shift key or open a secondary menu. Instead, all you have to do is to move your cursor over the region on the geometric object you perceive to be the location of the point, and AutoCAD will automatically display the exact location using a green marker. 

But how do you turn on (and off) the Running Object Snap feature in AutoCAD? There are two approaches: using one of the function keys, F3, or the OSNAP button on the status bar. Pressing the F3 key once activates the Running Object Snap, meaning that if you want to turn it off, you just have to press the F3 key once more. Do note that the software informs you every time you switch the Running Object Snap on (and off) by turning on (and off) the OSNAP button’s blue background color.

Alternatively, you can turn on the Running Object Snap feature by clicking the OSNAP button on the status bar. Activating this tool switches on the background color, while deactivating it switches the color off. 

AutoCAD Object Snap Button

Compared to the first approach – the F3 function key – this second option enables you to further activate the AutoCAD object snap modes you intend to use as you create your drawing. To achieve this, simply follow these steps:

1. Press the drop-down arrow beside the OSNAP button
2. On the menu that pops up, choose the appropriate modes. 
   
   
   

   Object Snap Modes

3. Alternatively, you can also click the Object Snap Settings option to open the Drafting Settings dialog box. You can use this dialog box to again activate or deactivate the Running Object Snap modes.

Drafting Settings Dialog Box

How to Cycle Through AutoCAD Object Snap Modes

Additionally, you can use the Tab key to cycle through the available AutoCAD Osnaps, especially if they are located on the same geometric object. For example, if you hover over a line and subsequently hit the Tab key, firstly, AutoCAD will highlight the line. Next, it will display a different object snap every time you press the Tab key. 

Conclusion

The AutoCAD Osnap or object snap is a handy feature that promotes convenience. It enables you to use specific points of an existing geometric object, such as a line, circle, arc, polyline, and ellipse, to draw additional objects. By turning this feature on, you can use the midpoint of a line or the center of a circle as the first point. Additionally, you can turn on object snap tracking for even better results. This is because this tracking tool allows you to create geometric objects that align with specific angles, i.e., 30º, 60º, 90º, 120º, 150º, or 180º from a horizontal reference line.

It comes as no surprise then that AutoCAD primarily features flat, sketch-based workflow and drawing tools such as lines, arcs, circles, and polylines rather than spheres, cylinders, and wedges, as is the case with the aforementioned 3D modeling software. But this is not to say that you cannot use AutoCAD in three-dimensional use cases. Far from it. AutoCAD does indeed let you create 3D models as well as create graphic representations of 3D objects, known as isometric drawings. In fact, to create the isometric drawings, you have to use the software’s flat, sketch-based workflow and tools. And in this article, we discuss how.

What is an Isometric Drawing?

An isometric drawing is a representation of a 3D object drawn on a flat plane that mainly contains 2D coordinates – the x and y axes. And although it uses the 2D coordinate system, it gives the illusion that a 3D system is being used. This type of drawing is made up of 2D geometric objects such as lines, ellipses, and parallelograms. And because it is a representation, an isometric drawing is not an actual 3D model. In contrast, and for a better, informative perspective, 3D models are made up of 3D geometric shapes such as spheres, cubes, cylinders, and cones, just to mention a few.

An isometric drawing shows three sides of the 3D object – the top, left, and right. The edges of the object along the left and right faces are tilted/rotated by an angle of 30º to the true horizontal axis. It is worth pointing out that the true horizontal axis is also known as the plane of projection, as the sides are projected outwards from a central reference point on this plane. The angle between the edges of the left and right faces is 120º rather than the normal 90º (refer to the image below). 

Isometric Drawing of a Cube (source)

Isometric Drawing vs. Isometric Projection: The Difference

The term isometric drawing is sometimes used synonymously with the term isometric projection. However, while both the isometric drawing and isometric projection represent 3D objects, which may perhaps be the source of the confusion, we want to point out that there is a significant difference between the two terms. The isometric drawing features the same (actual) dimensions as the 3D object it is representing. In contrast, the isometric projection features foreshortened dimensions by about 82%.

Isometric Drawings in AutoCAD

Isometric drawings are not a new concept in the design world. Before the advent and widespread adoption of CAD software, engineers, designers, and architects created these drawings using T-squares, protractors, triangles, and, in some cases, drafting arms. But the process was time-consuming.

Fast forward to the present. Most of the things are simplified. Virtually every design office and school lab is equipped with a computer, with the professionals and students using CAD software to create, among others, isometric drawings. AutoCAD is one such CAD software. And in this section, we will detail how to create isometric drawings in AutoCAD.

How to Open an Isometric Drafting View in AutoCAD?

To create an isometric drawing in AutoCAD, you must toggle on the isometric drafting setting. By default, this setting is off, manifesting in an orthographic model space made up of perpendicular grid lines parallel to either the vertical or horizontal. It is this workspace that enables you to create 2D sketches and drawings. Unfortunately, it does apply to the creation of isometric drawings, which, by their very nature, are supposed to represent 3D objects. 

Toggling on this setting instructs AutoCAD to tilt/rotate the horizontal grid lines by 30º in conformity with the principles of isometric drawings detailed above. You can turn on the isometric drafting (contracted as Isodraft) view/mode using the command line or the Isometric Drafting button. Below is a step-by-step breakdown of how to turn on isometric drawing mode using a button:: 

1. Hover over the status bar and press the Isometric Drafting button
   This button is denoted by two axes intersecting at an angle. 
2. Select your desired Isoplane option – left, top, or right.
   The Isoplane option represents the orientation of the gridlines. The left option shows the 90º and 150º axes, the right shows the 30º and the 90º axes, and the top option displays the 30º and 150º axes. (Refer to the image below.)

If you are intent on using the command line, follow this procedure to turn on isometric drawing mode::

1. Key in the word ISODRAFT on the command line and hit enter.
2. Select the Isoplane option by typing the letter L for the left option, T for the top option, or R for the right option and hit enter.

In either case, you will notice that the model space will automatically refresh, displaying a new non-perpendicular/angled layout of the gridlines. This signifies that you have entered the isometric drafting view/mode. 

How to Create Isometric Drawings in AutoCAD?

Key Isometric Drawing Commands in AutoCAD

With the correct drafting mode toggled on, it is now time to create an isometric drawing. For the best isometric drafting experience, here are a few tips/pointers, including the main commands used: 

1. Select the right Isoplane option
   
   

   Isoplane Options in AutoCAD

   The Isoplane Top option, for instance, displays the 30º and 150º gridlines, which correspond to the rotated horizontal edges of the AutoCAD isometric drawing. This enables you to create the bottom and top faces of a 3D object. On the other hand, the Isoplane Left option allows you to create the left face, while the Isoplane Right option lets you draw the right face.
   
2. Turn on the ORTHOMODE when drawing geometric objects that are along the 30º and 150º axes.
   This action ensures that all the lines you draw along the 30º and 150º axes are parallel to the axes.
3. Turn on Polar Tracking when you want to copy/move objects along the 90º axis.
   This comes in handy when you want to create the upper face of the 3D object when you already have an existing bottom face. Simply put, this tip simplifies the creation process.
4. Suppose you want to create an isometric drawing with a face whose orthographic projection would be a circle, such as a cylinder. In that case, you must use the ellipse drawing tool > Isocircle rather than the circle tool.

To put all these tips into practice, we will detail how to draw a cuboid, three different circles, a cylinder, and an arc in AutoCAD. Let’s dive in.

How to Create an Isometric Cuboid/Cube in AutoCAD?

To create a cuboid in AutoCAD’s Isometric Drafting mode/view, follow the procedure below:

1. Select the Isoplane Top option, which will help you create the bottom and top faces of the cuboid.
2. Use the Line drawing tool to draw the edges along the 30º and 150º axes. Ensure you have turned on the ORTHOMODE for greater accuracy.
3. Turn off the ORTHOMODE and toggle on Polar Tracking
4. Use the Copy tool to copy the face you drew in step 2 above. If the face drawn in step 2 was the bottom face, for instance, the copy tool enables you to create the top face.
5. Draw 90º lines that join the opposite vertices of the two faces in order to create a closed cuboid.
6. Use the trim or erase tool to do away with the lines that are out of view.

How to Create an Isometric Circle (Ellipse) in AutoCAD?

While you can still use the Circle tool to create a circle in AutoCAD, the resultant object will not be tilted, as is the case with other isometric drawings. Instead, it will be orthographically orientated, as shown in the diagrams below. To draw a circle in the isometric drafting view, follow the procedure below:

1. Press the drop-down arrow beside the ellipse button on the Draw ribbon panel 
2. Choose the Axis, End option
3. Next, type the letter I, which represents the word isocircle, and hit enter.
4. Using your mouse, specify the center of the isocircle by pressing the left button.
5. Specify the radius of the isocircle by keying in the figure and subsequently press Enter.

These steps apply to the three orientations of isocircles. If you want to create an isocircle on the top face, select the Isoplane Top option.

Isoplane Top Circle in AutoCAD

Similarly, if you want to draw an isocircle on the left face, choose the Isoplane Left option.

Isoplane Left Circle in AutoCAD

Lastly, if you want to draw an isocircle on the right face, select the Isoplane Right option.

Isoplane Right Circle in AutoCAD

How to Draw an Isometric Cylinder in AutoCAD?

Object Snap Options in AutoCAD

If you want to draw a cylinder, follow the steps below:

1. Create an isocircle by following the steps described above
2. Use the Copy command to duplicate the isocircle, creating the opposite face of the cylinder
3. Next, click the drop-down arrow next to the Object Snap – OSNAP button on the status bar
4. Ensure you have turned on the Quadrant option from the menu that pops up.
   Alternatively, you can click on Object Snap Settings and use the Drafting Settings window to turn on this option
5. Draw a line from the isocircle’s first quadrant to the other.
   
   
   

   First Quadrant in Isometric Cylinder Creation in AutoCAD

6. Draw a second line from the isocircle’s third quadrant (as shown in the image below) to the other isocircle’s.
   
   
   

   First Quadrant in Isometric Cylinder Creation in AutoCAD

7. Use the Trim command to erase arcs that are out of view

How to Draw an Isometric Arc in AutoCAD?

If you are looking to draw an arc in isometric view, follow this procedure: 

1. Press the drop-down arrow beside the ellipse button on the Draw ribbon panel 
2. Choose the Elliptical Arc option
3. Next, type the letter I, which represents the word isocircle, and hit enter.
4. Using your mouse, specify the center of the isocircle by pressing the left button.
5. Specify the radius of the isocircle by keying in the figure and subsequently press enter.
6. Specify the start angle
   You can do this by moving the mouse cursor from the center of the isocircle so that the dotted line drawn intersects with the circle’s circumference (as shown in the image below).
   
   
   

   Start Angle in AutoCAD

7. Specify the end angle by following the description in step 6
   AutoCAD will erase the section of the isocircle that exists between these two angles, creating an arc as in the image below.
   
   
   

   End Angle in AutoCAD

Conclusion

If you want to draw isometric arcs, circles, cylinders, and virtually any 3D shape, the isometric drafting mode in AutoCAD is an excellent place to start. And in this article, we have detailed how you can create each of these shapes. But before you can go about creating, it is vital to bear in mind that you need to activate the isometric drafting view using the ISODRAFT command or a button. You also have to choose the isoplane option that best works for you. And to help with this, we have included several tips and pointers. Happy drafting!

This article will discuss how revision clouds are used as well as how to create and edit these clouds. We will also explore the various types of revision clouds you can use and the changes that Autodesk, the developer of AutoCAD, has introduced over the years for this vital tool. 

What is an AutoCAD Revision Cloud?

An AutoCAD revision cloud is a cloud-shaped object made up of a collection of conjoined arc segments. It is used to call attention to sections of a drawing, thereby aiding in revision, review, or markup. Therefore, it enables you to easily highlight the changes that have already been made to a drawing during the revision stage. It also allows you to highlight sections within which changes should be made. 

History of AutoCAD Revision Cloud

By some accounts, the AutoCAD revision cloud was originally introduced as a bonus tool as part of AutoCAD Release 14 in 1997. At that time, however, it was simply known as the Cloud tool. The developers, however, improved on it, officially introducing the Revision Cloud via the Express Tools. Further polishing and development led to the launch of the standalone RevCloud command that enabled AutoCAD LT users, who typically do not have access to Express tools, to use it. In addition to making the tool universal, the polishing and additional development throughout AutoCAD’s storied history improved the capabilities of the revision cloud. 

Improvements to AutoCAD Revision Cloud

At first, the command was difficult to use and control as it created an object with grips on every intersection (vertex). This made it difficult to edit the entire object because holding and moving one of the grips only edited one polyline rather than the entire cloud. But this eventually changed. Presently, the RevCloud command draws symmetrical objects that feature easy-to-use grips. This means that you can easily edit these objects. 

Still, Autodesk developers have continually improved the tool, with AutoCAD 2021 introducing a way to set the arc length. Previously, it was impossible to set this length, which was even worse when using the drawing tools on the Draw panel. It meant that, in some cases, the arcs of the revision cloud were not clearly visible, especially when zoomed out, and appeared to have thick lines.

To edit the arc length in previous versions of AutoCAD, you had to specify the arc length using the command line. You first had to type REVCLOUD into the command line, and press Enter > type the letter A, which represents the arc length command > specify the minimum arc length > specify the maximum arc length. As you can tell, this was a tad cumbersome. 

Fortunately, AutoCAD 2021 changed this. When creating a revision cloud for the first time, AutoCAD now automatically sets the arc length as a percentage of the diagonal length of the current view. This means that the cloud will always be visible regardless of the display size or the magnification level. Additionally, AutoCAD 2021 made it easy for users to set the arc length by including this option in the RevCloud properties dialog panel.

RevCloud Properties Dialog Panel (source)

Types of Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

There are four types of revision clouds:

1.     Rectangular Revision Clouds

The rectangular revision cloud creates a four-sided cloud. To create this revision cloud in AutoCAD, you must specify the opposite corners of the rectangle. Alternatively, as detailed below, you can create a rectangular cloud from an existing rectangle.

Rectangular Revision Cloud in AutoCAD

2.     Polygonal Revision Clouds

The polygonal revision cloud has an unspecified number of sides. This means you can create a cloud that is shaped like a triangle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, and so on. 

Polygonal Revision Cloud in AutoCAD

3.     Freehand Revision Clouds

A freehand revision cloud is irregularly shaped. It is created by moving the mouse, with the mouse movement defining the shape of this cloud. To finish drawing the freehand revision cloud, simply press Enter. Do note that the freehand cloud doesn’t have to be enclosed.

Freehand Revision Cloud in AutoCAD

However, the freehand revision cloud has a downside. While the other aforementioned types of AutoCAD revision clouds create a limited number of grips that ease the editing process, the freehand cloud creates an unlimited number of grips, as shown below. This makes it difficult to edit, as you have to move each grip to change the size of them.

Grips in Different Revision Clouds

4.     Object-Defined Revision Clouds 

An object-defined revision cloud is created by converting any object, such as a circle, square, or spline, into a cloud. We have discussed below how to create the object-defined revision cloud.

Object-Defined Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

How to Create Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

This section will discuss how to create each of the four types of AutoCAD revision clouds. Let’s dive in.

How to Create Rectangular Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

To create rectangular revision clouds in AutoCAD using the drawing tools on the Draw panel, follow the procedure below:

1. On the Home ribbon tab, head over to the Draw ribbon panel and click on the drop-down arrow to display the other drawing tools
2. Click on the Revision Cloud drop-down icon and select the Rectangular option
3. Specify the first corner of the rectangular cloud by clicking a specific point on the screen
4. Next, drag your mouse to define the length of the rectangular revision cloud’s diagonal dimension
5. Specify the other opposite corner of the cloud if and when you are satisfied with the size based on step 4

Alternatively, you can create the rectangular revision cloud using the command line:

1. Type REVCLOUD on the command line and hit Enter
2. Type the letter R, which represents the rectangular revision cloud, and press Enter 
3. Specify the first corner of the rectangular cloud by clicking a specific point on the screen
4. Next, drag your mouse to define the length of the rectangular cloud’s diagonal dimension
5. Specify the other opposite corner of the revision cloud if and when you are satisfied with the size based on step 4

How to Create Polygonal Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

To create a polygonal revision cloud in AutoCAD using the drawing tools in the Draw panel, follow the steps below:

1. Click the arrow button on the Draw ribbon panel in the Home ribbon tab to display the additional drawing tools
2. Click on the Revision Cloud drop-down icon and select the Polygonal option
3. Specify the first vertex of the polygon by clicking a specific part on the model space
4. Specify the location of the additional vertices by clicking on different parts of the model space
5. Enclose the polygon by clicking the first vertex you specified in step 3

Like the rectangular revision cloud, you can create a polygonal cloud using the command line. To do this, simply follow the procedure below:

1. Type REVCLOUD on the command line and hit Enter
2. Type the letter P, which represents the polygonal revision cloud, and press Enter
3. Specify the first vertex of the polygon by clicking a specific part on the model space
4. Specify the location of the additional vertices by clicking on different parts of the model space
5. Enclose the polygon by clicking the first vertex you specified in step 3

How to Create Freehand Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

To create a freehand revision cloud using the drawing tools in the Draw panel, use the procedure below:

1. Click the arrow button on the Draw ribbon panel in the Home ribbon tab to display the additional drawing tools
2. Click on the Revision Cloud drop-down icon and select Freehand
3. Specify the first point of the freehand revision cloud
4. Guide the crosshairs along a path of your choice by moving the mouse cursor
5. Press Enter to stop drawing the freehand revision cloud
   The freehand cloud does not have to be enclosed
6. If you want to close the freehand revision cloud, return the cursor to the starting point

To create a freehand revision cloud using the command line, follow these steps:

1. Type REVCLOUD on the command line and hit Enter
2. Type the letter F, which represents the freehand revision cloud, and press Enter
3. Specify the first point of the freehand revision cloud
4. Guide the crosshairs along a path of your choice by moving the mouse cursor
5. Press Enter to stop drawing the freehand revision cloud
   The freehand revision cloud does not have to be enclosed
6. If you want to close the freehand revision cloud, return the cursor to the starting point

How to Create Object-Defined Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

To create a revision cloud from an existing object, follow the steps below:

1. Create an object using any of the drawing tools on the Draw panel
   You can use the line, spline, arc, ellipse, or polyline tools. However, note that the object you draw does not have to be enclosed.
2. Type REVCLOUD on the command line and hit Enter
3. Type the letter O, which represents the object-defined revision cloud, and press Enter
4. Select the object you want to convert to a revision cloud
5. Specify whether or not you want to reverse the direction of the arcs by selecting either Yes or No

How to Edit Revision Clouds in AutoCAD

You can edit the revision clouds by stretching the sides or vertices and moving the clouds. Alternatively, you can redraw segments of this cloud. Here’s how to edit the existing revision clouds in AutoCAD:

To stretch the AutoCAD revision cloud, follow the steps below:

1. Click on the cloud you want to edit to highlight it
2. Hover your mouse cursor above any of the grips. If the grip is located at a vertex, you will observe the following options: Stretch Vertex, Add Vertex, and Remove Vertex. Likewise, if the grip is located along a particular side, you will observe two main options: Stretch and Add Vertex.
   
   
   

   Revision Cloud Editing Options in AutoCAD

   
   
3. To stretch the vertex, simply select the Stretch Vertex option and specify the location of the new vertex
4. To add an extra vertex, select the Add Vertex option and specify the location of the new vertex
5. To stretch the side, select the Stretch option and move the mouse either outward or inward to increase or reduce the size of the AutoCAD revision cloud, respectively

To modify the revision cloud by redrawing parts of it, follow the procedure below:

1. Type REVCLOUD on the command line and hit Enter
2. Type the letter M, which represents the word modify, and press Enter
3. Select the revision cloud or polyline you want to modify and press EnterBe careful where you place your mouse while selecting the cloud, as this point acts as the first point of a cloud you will be redrawing.
4. Specify the next points/vertices
5. Enclose the redrawn point cloud by clicking one of the sides of the old revision cloud
6. Pick a side to erase (as shown in the image below)
   
   
   

   Modify Revision Cloud in AutoCAD

   
   
7.  Specify whether or not you want to reverse the direction of the arcs 
   Press Enter if you do not want to reverse the direction, or select Yes if you want to reverse the direction.

As we have highlighted above, the rectangular and polygonal revision clouds have fewer grips than the freehand cloud. But in some instances, you may want to edit individual arc and chord lengths of a revision cloud. So, how do you go about this? The answer lies in the use of the REVCLOUDGRIPS command. To modify the lengths of individual arcs in a revision cloud by adding individual grips, follow this procedure:

1. Type REVCLOUDGRIPS at the command line and press Enter
2. Type 0 or OFF to display a grip for each arc segment. If you want to reduce the number of grips, type 1 or ON
3. Select the cloud you want to edit.
   If it is a rectangular or polygonal revision cloud, you will notice that AutoCAD has introduced grips for each segment
4. Move the grips along any desired path to modify the length of the arc or chord

Conclusion

The AutoCAD revision cloud is a handy tool during revision or review. It enables engineers, architects, and designers to highlight sections that need to be changed or parts in which changes have been made. This, therefore, calls the attention of the reviewers to these specific sections, easing the review process. In this article, we have detailed the various types of AutoCAD revision clouds as well as how to create and edit these clouds in AutoCAD. 

It is through the use of hatch patterns that you can easily determine at first glance whether the drawing represents a section view or an orthographic view of a part. Similarly, hatch patterns help differentiate between the vegetation in a given area when they are used in landscape drawings. Additionally, they can be used to represent elements such as walls and furniture in architectural drawings. 

Indeed, the utility of hatch patterns can, therefore, not be called into question. But how do you include hatch patterns in AutoCAD? Also, how do you create or edit custom hatch patterns in AutoCAD? This article aims to answer these questions. Let’s dive in. 

What is a Hatch Pattern in AutoCAD?

An AutoCAD hatch pattern is a type of standard hatch in AutoCAD characterized by the distribution of repeating designs that fill an enclosed area. The hatch pattern is activated using the ‘HATCH’ command, one of many AutoCAD commands. 

It is worth pointing out that a given enclosed area can only have one type of AutoCAD hatch pattern. As such, if you want to use multiple types of hatch patterns, you must create multiple enclosed areas. 

Another important point to consider is that AutoCAD has a total of three hatch types, namely:

• AutoCAD hatch pattern: As detailed above, it fills an enclosed area with a repeating design
• AutoCAD solid hatch: It fills the enclosed area with a single color 
• AutoCAD gradient hatch: It displays a color gradient within the enclosed area. This gradient is based on the gradient colors selected in the Gradient Color 1 and Gradient Color 2 drop-down menus

History of AutoCAD Hatch Patterns

The concept of hatch patterns is not entirely new. They were still in use back when hand drafting and drawing was the only means of representing ideas. At that time, designers, engineers, and architects still had to visually indicate the material that was to be used in a particular section. They, therefore, drew repeating patterns that closely resembled the actual material, be it concrete, masonry wall, wood, and so on. 

The launch of AutoCAD by Autodesk in December 1982 helped simplify the otherwise tedious manual processes. The introduction of the hatch command, however, was not immediate. Much like how users had to wait a few years to enjoy the full perks of viewports, as detailed in our extensive guide to AutoCAD viewports, they also had to wait for the hatch command. But this time, the wait was shorter – just a few months. Autodesk introduced the HATCH command in October 1983 as part of the fourth release of its now popular software: AutoCAD 1.4. The developer has significantly improved upon the feature since. 

How to Add and Edit Preloaded Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD 

AutoCAD allows you to add and edit hatch patterns from a library of preloaded patterns. 

How to Add Preloaded Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD

Hatch Creation and Editing Tools in AutoCAD Hatch Creation Ribbon Tab

To add an AutoCAD hatch pattern from the preloaded selection stored in the AutoCAD library, follow this procedure:

1. Ensure the section within which you want to add the hatch pattern is enclosed
   If it is not enclosed, AutoCAD will not add the pattern.
2. Click the Hatch icon on the Draw ribbon panel or type ‘HATCH’ on the command line
3. Select the hatch pattern that best describes the material from the Pattern ribbon panel
   The Pattern ribbon panel is found on the Hatch Creation contextual ribbon tab that appears once you click on the Hatch button in step 2. You can select architectural patterns that represent concrete, bricks, sand, and more. You can even expand the displayed options by clicking the drop-down arrow to the right of the panel.
4. Pick the internal point, i.e., the enclosed area within which you want to fill with the AutoCAD hatch pattern
   AutoCAD automatically fills this area with the pattern you will have selected in step 3.
5. Click the Close Hatch Editor button to end the ‘Hatch’ command.

How to Edit Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD

In addition to adding the pattern, AutoCAD allows you to edit the hatch pattern. And there are several options to boot. For instance, you can change the color, angle, and transparency of the pattern. You can also shift the hatch pattern to align with a particular origin point. Or you can change the existing hatch pattern outright. To edit an AutoCAD hatch pattern, follow these steps:

1. Click on the pattern
   Doing this highlights the pattern and, if you were in a different ribbon tab, opens the Hatch Creation ribbon tab to allow you to edit the pattern
2. Next, press the right mouse button, which opens a menu
   
   
   

   Right-Click Hatch Options in AutoCAD

3. Click the Hatch Edit option, which opens the Hatch Edit pop-up window
   This window combines the various editing options in one location. For example, you can change the pattern type, color, angle, spacing, origin, and transparency within this window.
   
   
   

   Hatch Edit Pop-up Window in AutoCAD

4. Click OK to effect the changes.

Alternatively, you can opt to use the various editing options on the Pattern, Properties, and Origin ribbon panels. Here’s a breakdown of how you can perform the edits:

1. To change the pattern, select a different pattern from the Pattern ribbon panel
2. To change the color, click the Hatch color drop-down arrow on the Properties ribbon panel, and on the drop-down menu that pops up, select your desired color.
3. Ro change the angle or transparency, simply fill in the desired angle or transparency figures in the Angle and Transparency fields within the Properties ribbon panel. Next, click enter.
4. To set a new origin, click the Set Origin button on the Origin ribbon panel
   Next, set the new origin point by left-clicking on the point within the enclosed area you want to set as the origin. AutoCAD will then automatically set the selected point as the new origin point.
5. To delete the hatch pattern, simply click on the pattern to highlight it and then press the Delete button on your keyboard.

How to Create and Edit Custom Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD

While Autodesk has attempted to represent as many materials as it can through the preloaded hatch patterns, it still has left out scores more. This necessitates the creation of custom hatch patterns. At the same time, you can choose to import hatch patterns or simply create them from scratch. So, how do you go about either of these options?

How to Create Custom Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD

AutoCAD allows you to create a custom hatch pattern using the SuperHatch tool. This tool allows you to add a custom hatch from an image, block, Xref attachment, and more. Our procedure below details how to create a custom AutoCAD hatch pattern from a block.

1. Create a block of the pattern you want to add as a custom hatch pattern:
   1. Draw the pattern using the Draw tools. The pattern could include a square, lines, rectangle, or circle. 
      
   2. Select the objects you had drawn in step 1a above and click the Create block button on the Block panel in the Home ribbon tab
   3. In the Block Definition window, specify the name of the block, set the base point, and click OK. AutoCAD will add the block to the library.
      
      
      

      Block Definition Pop-up Window in AutoCAD

2. Click the Express Tools ribbon tab, and on the Draw ribbon panel, select SuperHatch
   This opens a SuperHatch window.
   
   

   SuperHatch Options Pop-up Window in AutoCAD

3. Select the Block option
4. Next, on the SuperHatch – Insert pop-up window, select the block you want to use as a hatch from the library
   
   
   

   SuperHatch – Insert Pop-up Window in AutoCAD

5. Click OK.
6. Set the scale factor and the rotation angle and hit Enter
   The scale factor depends on the size of the block relative to the size of the enclosed area
7. Set the opposite ends of the block, which sets the extent of the custom AutoCAD hatch pattern.
   Hit enter to complete this step. AutoCAD will ask you to confirm
8. Specify the enclosed area you want to add the custom AutoCAD hatch pattern by clicking any point within this area and pressing enter.
9. AutoCAD automatically adds the pattern

The SuperHatch approach, however, has a few downsides. First, the custom pattern cannot be transferred to another AutoCAD file. Secondly, the custom pattern cannot be modified or edited. To solve this problem, you can simply import a pattern (.PAT) file that contains a custom hatch pattern created using third-party software such as Notepad.

How to Import Custom Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD 

Do note that you must first create the pattern using third-party software and save it as a .PAT file before importing it. Here, we are assuming that you already have a PAT file. If not, you can check out this tutorial on how to create a .PAT file using Notepad. Alternatively, you can download the .PAT files from websites, but keep in mind that some sites may contain malicious content.

To import custom AutoCAD hatch patterns, follow the procedure below:

1.  Add a new Support File Search Path
   To do this, right-click any open area within the AutoCAD model space and select Options. Next, click on the Files tab and select + button beside the Support File Search Path option. This option allows you to specify the folders in which AutoCAD should look for the custom hatch pattern. Next, click on Browse. Then, on the Browse for Folder pop-up window, scroll to the folder with the .PAT files and then click OK, and, finally, Add.
   
   

   Options Pop-up Window in AutoCAD

2. On the Options window, click Apply and then click OK.
   This step ensures that AutoCAD now recognizes the directory path defining the location of the .PAT file and can, therefore, read it.
3. Add custom hatch patterns contained in the PAT files
   To do this, follow the first two steps outlined in the How to Add Preloaded Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD section above. Next, hit the drop-down arrow. Then, scroll to the name of the custom hatch pattern you want to add. Finally, click the custom AutoCAD hatch pattern. AutoCAD will automatically use this pattern to fill the enclosed area.

To edit the custom hatch pattern added via the PAT-files approach, refer to the section entitled How to Edit Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD above.

However, at times, the custom hatch patterns may not show up as part of the patterns in AutoCAD. This could be due to a number of reasons, including the fact that the .PAT files are stored in the cloud, or the directory path is locked, not recognized as a support path by AutoCAD, or given a different name post-addition. Alternatively, the .PAT files may have formatting or syntax issues or feature poorly defined patterns. Fortunately, you can get around these problems by testing various .PAT files, checking the pattern definitions and formatting, unblocking the .PAT files, or ensuring you use the correct paths.

Conclusion

The HATCH command is a handy drawing tool. It enables you to visually represent the materials you wish to use in a building, part, or assembly. In addition, it allows readers to easily establish whether a particular drawing represents a section or orthographic view. There are numerous preloaded AutoCAD hatch patterns. But did you know that you can create and import custom hatch patterns into AutoCAD? In this article, we have detailed how you can do this, and we hope you are more informed on how to use either the preloaded or custom hatch patterns in your AutoCAD drawing.

When was AutoCAD Viewport Introduced?

Throughout AutoCAD’s now 40 years’ history, its developer, Autodesk, has progressively added new features packaged as new versions, with newer features building on the capabilities brought by the features that came before them. 

In 1984, as part of AutoCAD Version 2.0 (Release 5), for example, Autodesk introduced a new command called VIEW, whose use enabled the creation of named views. However, it was not until October 1988 that Autodesk included the VIEWPORTS (VPORTS), REGENALL, and REDRAWALL with the launch of AutoCAD Release 10. The VPORTS command enabled users to create and control multiple viewports. REDRAWALL refreshes the display of all viewports, while REGENALL regenerates all models in the viewports. Based on the release notes, the first iteration of AutoCAD Viewport was released in 1988. 

Since then, the command and the associated viewports feature have been progressively improved. For instance, AutoCAD Release 11, released in October 1990, revamped viewports by introducing a system variable known as TILEMODE. Used to enable paper space, TILEMODE helped modify the meaning of Viewports. 

TILEMODE specifically achieved this by ensuring that Viewports now displayed the objects contained in the model space rather than being simple partitions of the display graphics area. (A model space refers to the limitless drawing area on AutoCAD.)

In addition, as part of Release 11, users could now include multiple views of a model in a single plot or paper space, complete with title blocks, annotation text, and so on. This version also boasted Viewport-specific layer visibility. In this regard, modern-day AutoCAD viewports – as we know them today – were first introduced in October 1990. Against this backdrop, what is a Viewport?

What is AutoCAD Viewport?

Prior to 1990, an AutoCAD Viewport was simply a partition of the display graphics area. It did not show what was contained in the model space. But following the launch of Release 11, Viewports took on a new meaning. 

So, currently, an AutoCAD Viewport displays different scaled views or sections of a 2D drawing or 3D model. This feature is specifically designed to help you reduce the time you would ordinarily need to pan or zoom in on a single view, especially when working with complex or large drawings. This is because you can set multiple zoomed-in views of different parts of the drawing or model, which you can then switch between easily and quickly, with the main view remaining unchanged. This way, AutoCAD viewport enables you to easily identify errors you would have otherwise missed if you were looking at the entire drawing.

Benefits of AutoCAD Viewport

As you may have already established from the section above, the AutoCAD Viewport feature offers numerous benefits. These include:

• It eliminates the need to pan or zoom into particular sections every time you want to assess the minute details, thereby saving time
• AutoCAD Viewport makes it easy to spot errors you would have otherwise missed
• This feature eliminates the need to draw the various orthogonal projections of a 3D object for each of the six main viewing angles

Types of AutoCAD Viewports

AutoCAD User Interface

There are two types of AutoCAD Viewports:

1. Model Space viewport
2. Layout viewport

1.     Model Space Viewports

Before defining what a model space viewport is, let’s first discuss what a model space is. When you first launch AutoCAD and subsequently hit ‘New Drawing,’ the software opens a drawing area containing gridlines, which is located in the Model tab. This drawing area is limitless in that it covers somewhat of an infinite area and can be zoomed in or out endlessly. It is this drawing area that is known as a model space. 

The model space lets you draw any 2D drawing or 3D model you desire. But first, you must define the unit you want to use – whether millimeters, centimeters, inches, or feet. Here, one drawing unit represents one millimeter, one centimeter, one inch, and so on. Simply put, the scale is always 1:1. 

By default, the model space usually has a single drawing area known as a model space viewport. This viewport generally enables you to view your drawing. Depending on the complexity of the drawing, however, you can split the drawing area into more than one drawing area using one of the two procedures detailed below. 

When dealing with multiple model space viewports, AutoCAD highlights the one on which you are working – the current viewport – using a blue border. Do note that some commands like zooming and panning only apply to the current viewport. However, if you add a geometric object or dimension, this change will apply to all viewports. This means you can begin a command in one viewport and complete it in another.

How to Create a Model Space Viewport in AutoCAD

There are two methods you can deploy to create a model space viewport. These include:

• Using VPORTS command
• Using Viewport Controls button, which is denoted by a minus sign encased in box brackets [-] on the top left section of the model

To create a model space viewport using the VPORTS command, simply follow the procedure below

1. On the command line, type VPORTS and hit enter
2. Select the number and configuration of viewports you want to add on the Viewports pop-up window
   Here you can add up to four viewports, with the option to decide the location of the viewports relative to each other
3. Click OK

To create a model space viewport using the Viewports Control button, follow these steps:

1. Click the Viewports Control button 
   
   
   

   Viewport Controls Button in AutoCAD

2. Select the Viewport Configuration List option on the resultant dropdown menu 
   
   
   

   Viewport Configuration List in AutoCAD

3. Choose the configuration you want to choose from the list displayed
   The model space will automatically refresh to include the new configuration

2.     Layout Viewports 

The layout viewport is to paper space what model space viewport is to model space. This means a layout viewport can only be accessed when you are on the paper space (in the layout tab). The layout viewport allows you to scale the model space views based on the paper space. 

Layout Viewport in AutoCAD (source)

Unlike the model space, which is limitless and enables you to draw using the 1:1 scale, the paper space is limited based on the paper size you select in the page setup manager. The paper space allows you to include the title block and notes. Additionally, it lets you specify the extent of the layout viewport. And based on the available area, you can include multiple layout viewports within the area shown in green in the image. The viewports can be fashioned from regular shapes such as rectangles or irregular shapes. You can also create a layout viewport from an existing object, as detailed in the procedure below.

By creating multiple layout viewports in the paper space, you can include as many views of the 2D drawing or 3D model as possible. Do note, however, that because the paper space is meant to aid in plotting or printing, you should define the scale of each view. Always keep in mind that the scale in the layout viewports is based on the paper size and level of magnification. 

How to Create a Layout Viewport in AutoCAD

There are two approaches you can use to create a layout viewport, namely:

• Using VPORTS command
• Using creation tools on the Layout contextual tab

To create a layout viewport using the VPORTS command, follow the procedure below:

1. Click on the layout tab
2. On the command line, type VPORTS and hit enter
   This opens the Viewports pop-up window, which shows that the paper space supports fewer viewports than the model space.
3. Select the number and configuration of viewports you desire and click OK
4. Specify the extent of the paper space
   AutoCAD lets you do this by clicking the first corner and drugging the mouse to the opposite corner. Upon specifying the extent, AutoCAD automatically separates the area based on the number of viewports selected.

To create a layout viewport using the tools on the Layout contextual tab, follow this procedure:

1. Click on the layout tabs to move from the model space to the paper space
   Alternatively, you can create a new layout by clicking the plus (+) button to the left of the status bar. This second approach enables you to choose the paper size as well as define the plot area, given that you can access the Page Setup Manager.
   Toggling the layout tab on creates a new contextual tab atop the software interface. 
2. Tap the Layout ribbon tab on the ribbon bar
   This tab contains several ribbons, including Layout, Layout Viewports, Create View, Modify View, Update, and Style and Standards.
   
   
   

   Layout Contextual Ribbon and Panels in AutoCAD

3. Select the Rectangular, Polygonal, or Object button on the Layout Viewports ribbon panel
   
   

   Fancy Layout Viewport in AutoCAD (source)

   The title of the button will depend on whether you will have selected one of these options before. The Rectangular option allows you to create a rectangular viewport, while the polygonal option lets you create a regularly-shaped or irregularly-shaped viewport. Lastly, the Object option enables you to create a viewport from any objects in your drawing. With this last option, you can create a fancy viewport like the one shown. 
   
4. Define the size of the viewport by clicking the opposite corners of the rectangle, drawing the polygon, or selecting a pre-existing object.
   Once you have defined the size, AutoCAD will automatically create the viewport. Do note that you can rotate the rectangular or polygonal viewport as detailed below.

Always ensure that you have a dedicated layer for the viewports. This is because AutoCAD associates the viewport with the current layer of the drawing. And because you do not want the boundary of the viewport to be printed or plotted – as the viewport should essentially be on a transparent layer – it is important to keep a keen eye every time you create a viewport. To change or assign a viewport:

1. Click on the viewport in the paper space to highlight it 
2. Head over to the click the Home ribbon
3. Select the viewport layer on the layers dropdown menu in the Layers panel

How to Rotate a Viewport in AutoCAD

AutoCAD allows you to rotate the rectangular or polygonal viewport. Doing so changes not only the orientation of the viewport but also the drawing displayed therein. To rotate the viewport:

1. Click on the rectangular or polygonal viewport to select it
2. Hit the right mouse button
3. Select the Rotate option on the menu that pops up
4. Specify the base point that will act as the center of the rotation
5. Next, you can either specify the rotation angle in the command line or manually rotate the viewport.
6. Hit Enter to end the rotate command

How to Lock a Layout Viewport in AutoCAD

As detailed above, the scale of the layout viewport is based on the paper size and level of magnification. This means that you have to scale the model space views based on the size of the sheet of paper you will have selected in the page setup manager – one unit in the paper space is equal to the actual distance, in millimeters or inches, on the paper. AutoCAD automatically adjusts the scale of the drawing based on the size of the viewport. The software also adjusts the scale if you zoom in or out. This is why it is important to lock the viewport, as detailed below.

However, if you are not careful, it is easy to change the scale you had set earlier, even by accident. For instance, the scale will automatically change if you accidentally click a particular layout viewport and scroll the mouse wheel. This shows the importance of locking the viewport. Locking the layout viewport ensures that you cannot zoom in or out of the model space in the layout tab. Instead, zooming in or out simply changes the level of magnification of the entire paper rather than the drawing. 

There are two ways you can lock the viewport, both of which only work when you are in the layout tab:

• The status bar approach
• The Layout-Viewports-ribbon-panel approach

To lock the viewport using the status bar approach, follow the procedure below:

1. Ensure you are on the layout tab
2. On the status bar, click the button labeled PAPER
   Hitting this button lets you view the model space via the different viewports on the paper space. To verify that you are in the model space, the PAPER icon will change to MODEL.
   
   
   

   AutoCAD Paper Space with Multiple Layout Viewports

3. Click on the padlock icon on the status bar
   If the viewport is locked, the padlock will have a blue background. But if it is unlocked, the padlock will have a transparent background.

To lock the viewport using the Layout Viewports ribbon panel approach, use the following procedure:

1. Ensure you are on the layout tab
2. Click on the Layout ribbon and head over to the Layout Viewports ribbon panel 
3. Select the Lock or Unlock button
   Like all other AutoCAD operations, the software will either display Lock or Unlock depending on whether you have previously selected one of these options before.
4. To lock the viewport, simply hit Lock

Conclusion

AutoCAD viewports are essential when drawing an object or planning how to print or plot it. In this comprehensive guide to viewports in AutoCAD, we have highlighted what an AutoCAD viewport is, the two main types of them and how to create or modify viewports.

At the time of publishing this post, the current release is 10.2.0 The name for this version is Lovelace.

It’s common to choose a theme for product names. Google names its Android versions after sugar-filled snacks such as Donut and Honeycomb. Intel named their products after rivers, mountains, and towns near to their headquarters such as Natoma and Klamath.  And of course, Apple famously named their OS releases after the ‘big cats’ such as Tiger and Snow Leopard. In recent years Apple opted to change its theme to areas of California such as Yosemite.

Great mathematicians

At Scan2CAD we chose to honor great mathematicians with our product names. Why at Scan2CAD did we choose to name our product releases after great mathematicians? The reasons are two-fold:

1. To recognize that Scan2CAD is built on solving mathematical problems

In 1675, Isaac Newton famously wrote “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants”. 

Scan2CAD stands on the achievements of great mathematicians. Vectors are paths expressed by mathematical equations, our object recognition technology is built on mathematical problems,  we use math for our image processing. Therefore mathematics is core to the value of Scan2CAD. We like to have a constant reminder that focussing on long-term mathematical problems brings great value to our users.

2. To take inspiration from their stories

When you begin to read into the histories of these mathematicians you realize that their stories are a far cry from the stereotype of a dusty pipe-smoking professor locked in a wood-paneled office agonizing over an equation. Each of these mathematicians were radicals in their own right. Each with their own discoveries that – by definition – went against the common knowledge of their time.

The stories of these mathematicians are inspiring, we hope that by featuring some of these mathematicians we can spread this inspiration a little further.

Scan2CAD’s recent product names

At the time of writing this article, we have released 3 significant updates to Scan2CAD v10 each with their own product names. 

Here’s a little insight into why we chose each name:

10.0 – Euclid

Version 10.0 is named Euclid after the famous Euclid of Alexandria, the father of geometry. 

We found this name to be apt because Euclidian geometry is about simplifying problems to their ‘core truths’. We wanted to recognize the fact that v10 is an evolved yet simplified version of the software which is focussed on the core principles of accurate conversions. 

Euclidian geometry formed the foundation of much of modern mathematics, v10.0 was the foundation of Scan2CAD’s future evolution. 

10.1 – Galois

Scan2CAD version 10.1 is named Galois after the French mathematician Évariste Galois.

Galois’ story is not for the fainthearted! He survived only to the youthful age of 20 (the approximate age of Scan2CAD) but his contributions to mathematics in his short tenure are nothing short of remarkable. Galois developed what is now known as the Galois Theory, which uses algebra to solve a polynomial equation. Confused? Perhaps NJ Wildberger can explain it better:

Galois died by gunshot in a dual which is speculated to be caused by a ‘broken love affair‘. However, shortly before his death, Galois documented much of his work and passed it to a friend for publishing.

10.2 – Lovelace

Scan2CAD version 10.2 is named Lovelace after the English mathematician and writer, Ada Lovelace.

Although Lovelace lived from 1815 to 1852, her work played a significant part in the history of modern computing. In 1842 Lovelace wrote an algorithm for Charles Babbage‘s  Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. This work is commonly considered to be the first computer program ever written.

Lovelace’s life was dogged with illnesses, at the age of 36 she died to uterine cancer. However, Lovelace’s contributions over her short life have had a significant impact over the following centuries. 

It’s my hope that by featuring some of these great mathematicians we can inspire others with the stories of their dedication and achievements.

Due to the complex algorithms that go with creating BIM models, design flexibility and the creation of freeform building typologies isn’t the priority for most BIM software. The amazing thing about Vectorworks products is that it goes against the norm and lets users freely work with their model in a flexible and highly intuitive manner. Parametric design limitations and programmed presets no longer limit the type of building designers can create using Vectorworks.

Before we continue, it is worth noting that Vectorworks has a bunch of different packages. The four main ones would be: Architect, Landmark, Entertainment, Fundamentals. The user interface and workflow of the programs are similar, just more suited to their specialties than the others. Vectorworks Architect would be the software to use for building an indoor space design. Vectorworks Landmark would be for landscape planning and design. Vectorworks also caters to the entertainment industry with Vectorworks Spotlight, a program for set, stage, lights, and sound design for live performances. Lastly, for industrial design and other miscellaneous projects, Vectorworks Fundamentals is the go-to program. For the purposes of this article, we’ll be using Vectorworks Architect as the program of choice.

About Vectorworks

Vectorworks, the company, is an owned subsidiary of the Nemetschek Group, an international vendor of software for designers, engineers, and the construction industry. The company is world renowned for its design software and has been creating CAD software for the design and construction industry since 1985. The award-winning product line that Vectorworks has produced, also named Vectorworks, is one of the top selling programs in the world. The line includes Vectorworks Architect, Vectorworks Landmark, Vectorworks Spotlight, and Vectorworks Fundamentals.

 has a large impact in the CAD industry, with its high standard for its software and products, the quality of which comes from continuous refinement and redevelopment based on user input. Additionally, Vectorworks was one of the very first companies to develop BIM-capable software, even before the term “BIM” had started being used.

Vectorworks is especially known for its devotion to being responsive to its users’ and customers’ needs. The company conducts several training seminars and self-teaching options to help their users understand how to utilize their programs better.

Currently, more than 650,000 architects, engineers, and designers utilize Vectorworks software. From the architectural field to landscape design and product design, the Vectorworks line of programs can be used to create any CAD or BIM reliant output.

As a program, it features several capabilities. Vectorworks provides a set of 2D and 3D design and presentation tools suitable for use in any phase of a design process. Users of the program can sketch ideas and then translate those sketches into lines, arcs, polygons, and digital geometry. The program’s true strength lies in its intuitive and user-friendly BIM capabilities, at it is arguably the best product to use when looking for software that has good BIM features but still retains the flexibility and creativity of simpler 3D modeling programs.

Vectorworks Shortcuts

Vectorworks 2019 has something that can make the use of the program a whole lot easier – Keyboard Shortcuts. Almost all of these shortcuts can be customized based on personal preferences. The following list has the default shortcuts for all types of workspaces.

Let’s jump into the list. Be warned, this list is big so feel free to use the table of contents at the top of this post to jump to the section you need.

Basic Tools Palette

Building Shell Tool Set

3D Modeling Tool Set

Visualization Tool Set

Dims/Notes Tool Set

File Menu

Edit Menu

View Menu

Modify Menu

Model Menu

AEC Menu

Spotlight Menu

Tools Menu

Text Menu

Window Menu

Cycle Through Modes on Tool Bar

Miscellaneous Keys

Toggle Snapping Palette Settings

Arrow Key Shortcuts

Esc

Cancel the current operation

Miscellaneous Key Shortcuts

Standard Views

Worksheet Key Functions

Vectorworks Keyboard Shortcuts Final Notes

You’ll find that there are mastering this complete list of keyboard shortcuts will cut your production time with Vectorworks by a sizable amount. Try customizing them and figuring out the best configuration of keys for yourself and your workflow. Utilizing these with mouse controls and program commands is the key to using Vectorworks  to its fullest potential.

The learning curve for the software is relatively mild, but if you’re completely new to BIM CAD software, then it might take some time to get the hang of using the program. The interface can be a little daunting since Graphisoft (the developers of ArchiCAD) have crammed a wide range of features into the software. But for the sake of discussion, we’re making the assumption that you’re not a complete novice to CAD programs and to ArchiCAD basics.

For the purposes of this article, we’ll assume that you already purchased an ArchiCAD license (a Trial version, Educational version, Academic version, or Commercial version), and have the gist of opening up the program, creating, and saving a project, and opening previously saved projects. With that basic workflow out of the way, the next step would be to optimize how you go about working with files. That’s where keyboard shortcuts come in. It might take a little time to get used to these commands, but once they become second nature, you’ll be breezing through creating and modifying project files like the best of them.

Table of contents

• About ArchiCAD
• ArchiCAD keyboard shortcuts
  • ArchiCAD Commands for Opening & Saving Files
  • ArchiCAD Commands for Drawing & Editing
  • ArchiCAD Commands for Managing Groups
  • ArchiCAD Commands for Miscellaneous Editing
  • ArchiCAD Commands for Viewing Options
• How to change the ArchiCAD shortcuts on your device
• How to create a custom ArchiCAD shortcut
• ArchiCAD keyboard shortcuts: Final notes

About ArchiCAD

ArchiCAD is a BIM and CAD software application for both Windows and Mac systems created by Graphisoft from Hungary. It is primarily used for various architectural processes but is widely utilized in engineering, urban planning, interior design, and other related fields.

In a nutshell, the history of ArchiCAD dates back to 1982 when it was first launched exclusively for the Apple Macintosh. It launched in 1987 with a unique “Virtual Building” concept that has led some to regard it as the first program to use BIM technology. It was the first program to be able to integrate both 2D and 3D geometry and was considered ground-breaking in the amount of data it could store in its 3D models.

The basic features and capabilities of the software include the following:

–        2D and 3D CAD/modeling capabilities – Different tools for drafting make accurate and highly detailed technical drawings possible. And with state-of-the-art 3D modeling tools, architects and designers have the freedom to experiment with an unlimited amount of building forms.

–        Rendering and Visualization – ArchiCAD has built-in rendering capabilities that let users create accurate and photo-realistic interpretations of building plans and drawings. You can also use the program to compile and compose materials for printing.

–        Collaborative features – with its BIM capabilities and built-in access to a central data storage server, collaborating and developing drawings and designs have never been easier.

ArchiCAD Keyboard Shortcuts

If you’re looking to find a complete list of ArchiCAD’s shortcuts, there’s a way to do so in the program itself. First, click on Work Environments, from there you can access Keyboard Shortcuts under Shortcut Schemes and can click Show Shortcut List in Browser to open up the complete list. It’s about 7 pages long so it could be daunting to go through them all.

Put simply, keyboard shortcuts are key combinations that you press to execute a command on ArchiCAD. Sometimes these shortcuts are just a single button press, oftentimes you have to press a certain combination of 2 or more different keys. Opening a new document on a Windows computer, for example, is done by pressing Ctrl + N.

Here are some lists of the most commonly used keyboard shortcuts for ArchiCAD, to help you digest the shortcuts a little easier.

ArchiCAD Commands for Opening & Saving Files

Let’s begin with the most essential ArchiCAD commands for opening and saving files on both Windows and macOS. 

ArchiCAD Commands for Drawing & Editing

Commands related to drawing and editing are likely to be the most valuable shortcuts you will use. Simple keyboard shortcuts like ‘selecting all objects within a drawing’ are sure to be a welcome time-saver for you.

ArchiCAD Commands for Managing Groups

Creating groups, exploding groups, suspending groups, and more can all be controlled with a simple set of keyboard shortcuts.

ArchiCAD Commands for Miscellaneous Editing

Here’s a list of handy shortcuts related to the editing process. Commands in this list include a quick method for creating patches, grid snap options, and more.

ArchiCAD Commands for Viewing Options

We end our list of the essential ArchiCAD keyboard shortcuts with a selection of view commands. Change zoom level,  pan, and switch to 3D views all with simple keyboard shortcuts.